Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T11:09:50.328Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Winning against the Odds

A Growing Empowerment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

Amrita Narlikar
Amrita Narlikar
Affiliation:
German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA)
Get access

Summary

Around the turn of the century, a change got underway. Poverty came to acquire a new importance in debates on trade. And, against all odds, and increasingly as the rule rather than the exception, David started winning against Goliath. These developments were all the more surprising given that the provisions of the newly-created WTO had, in fact, reduced the development-oriented exceptionalism and flexibilities of the GATT. The central way in which this came about was because stories about the causes of poverty, which gave more credence to exogenous variables and recognized the need for changes in the international rules of the game (rather than only governance patterns within developing countries), entered the mainstream. This chapter traces the remarkable ways in which a new empowerment of the poor emerged in the organization, despite the toughness of the new institutional context. Three landmark WTO negotiations (each of which centred on a ministerial conference) plus the decision-making processes of the organization offer useful comparative insights into the role of a south-led poverty narrative in shaping this change. I also offer further examples in other issue-areas – including climate change, ethical consumerism, and women’s rights – where narratives of powerlessness seemed to be winning.

Keywords

World Trade OrganizationSeattle Ministerial ConferenceDoha Ministerial ConferenceCancun Ministerial Conference“new Quad”NGOscoalitionsclimate changeethical consumerismempowerment
Type
Chapter
Information
Poverty Narratives and Power Paradoxes in International Trade Negotiations and Beyond , pp. 72 - 124
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Africa Group. 2001. Africa Group Statement on TRIPs, Access to Medicine, and Public Health. Presented by the Delegation of Zimbabwe. 20 June. www.cptech.org/ip/wto/tc/africagroup.html.Google Scholar
Alexander, Nancy. 2014. ‘Introduction to the G20.’ Heinrich Böll Foundation: Global Economic Governance. Issue 1. July. https://us.boell.org/sites/default/files/alexander_new_introduction_g20_7-23-14.pdf.Google Scholar
Amorim, Celso. 2003. ‘The Real Cancun.’ Wall Street Journal. 23 September.Google Scholar
Amos, Felicity. 2015. Ten years after Make Poverty History: Did world leaders keep these 8 promises? www.one.org/us/blog/10-years-after-make-poverty-history-did-world-leaders-keep-these-8-promises/.Google Scholar
AOSIS (Alliance of Small Island States). 2015. AOSIS Opening Statement for 21st Conference of Parties to UNFCC. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/cop21cmp11_hls_speech_aosis_maldives.pdf.Google Scholar
Aslund, Anders. 2009. ‘The G20 must be stopped.’ Financial Times. 26 November.Google Scholar
Bäckstrand, Karin, Kuyper, Jonathan W., Linnér, Björn-Ola, and Lövbrand, Eva. 2017. ‘Non-state actors in global climate governance: From Copenhagen to Paris and beyond.’ Environmental Politics. 26: 4. Pp. 561–579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banerjee, Abhijit V. and Esther, Duflo. 2011. Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the way to fight Global Poverty. New York: Public Affairs.Google Scholar
Bayne, Nicholas. 2000. ‘Why did Seattle fail? Globalization and the politics of trade.’ Government and Opposition. 35: 2. Pp. 131–151.Google Scholar
BBC. 2005. Thousands flock to poverty march. 2 July. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk/4642053.stm.Google Scholar
Benwell, Richard. 2014. ‘The canaries in the goldmine: Small states as climate change champions.’ In Narlikar, Amrita (ed.). Small States in Multilateral Economic Negotiations. London: Routledge. First published as part of centenary special issue of The Round Table: Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs. (413). 2011.Google Scholar
Bernal, Richard L. 1999. ‘Sleepless in Seattle: The WTO Ministerial of 1999.’ Social and Economic Studies. 48: 3. Pp. 61–84.Google Scholar
Bhagwati, Jagdish. 2001. ‘After Seattle: Free trade and the WTO.’ International Affairs. 77: 1. Pp 15–29.Google Scholar
Bonilla, Yarimar and Rosa, Jonathan. 2015. ‘#Ferguson: Digital protest, hashtag ethnography, and the racial politics of social media in the United States.’ American Ethnologist. 42: 1. Pp. 4–17.Google Scholar
Brainard, Lael and LaFleur, Vinca. 2008. Making Poverty History? How activists, philanthropists and the public are changing global development. Report: Brookings Blum Roundtable 2007. Brookings Global Economy and Development. Washington D.C. February. www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/02_global_development_brainard.pdf.Google Scholar
Busby, Joshua William. 2007. ‘Bono made Jesse Helms cry: Jubilee 2000, debt relief, and moral action in international politics.’ International Studies Quarterly. 51: 2. Pp. 247–275.Google Scholar
Christoff, Peter. 2016. ‘The promissory note: COP 21 and the Paris climate agreement.’ Commentary. Environmental Politics. 25: 5. Pp. 765–787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clinton, Bill. 1999. Remarks by the President to the luncheon in honor of the Ministers attending the Meetings of the World Trade Organisation. 1 December. www.staff.city.ac.uk/p.willetts/PIE-DOCS/CLNT1299.HTM.Google Scholar
Cooper, Andrew. 2010. ‘The G20 as an improvised crisis committee and/or a contested “Steering Committee”.’ International Affairs. 86: 3. Pp. 741–757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diego-Fernandez, Mateo. 2008. ‘Trade negotiations make strange bedfellows.’ World Trade Review. 7: 2. Pp. 423–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Economist. 1999a. ‘Clueless in Seattle’. 4 December.Google Scholar
Economist. 1999b. ‘Special: World Trade: The Battle in Seattle.’ 27 November.Google Scholar
Elliott, Larry. 2013. ‘Bali Summit invigorated World Trade Organization, says Roberto Azevedo.’ The Guardian. 18 December.Google Scholar
Elliott, Larry, Denny, Charlotte, and Munk, David. 2003. ‘Blow to world economy as trade talks collapse.’ The Guardian. 15 September.Google Scholar
Fisher, Roger and Ury, William. 1997. Getting to Yes: Negotiating an Agreement Without Giving In. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Froning, Denise. 1999. ‘An absence of leadership: Clinton and the WTO.’ Heritage Foundation Report. 10 December. www.heritage.org/trade/report/absence-leadership-clinton-and-the-wto.Google Scholar
Furman, Jason and Stiglitz, Joseph. 1998. ‘Economic crises: Evidence and insights from East Asia.’ Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. No. 2. Pp. 1–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
G8. 2005. Joint Declaration of the Heads of State and/or Government of Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa participating in the G8 Gleneagles Summit. www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2005gleneagles/plusfive.pdfGoogle Scholar
G8. 2007. Heiligendamm Process. www.g-8.de/nn_92160/Content/EN/Artikel/g8-summit/2007-06-08-heiligendamm-prozessen.html.Google Scholar
GATT. 1994. Uruguay Round Agreements: Agreement establishing the WTO. www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/04-wto_e.htm.Google Scholar
Greenhouse, Stephen and Kahn, Joseph. 1999. ‘US effort to add labour standards to agenda fails.’ New York Times. 3 December. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/world/global/120399wto-labor.html.Google Scholar
Gruber, Lloyd. 2000. Ruling the World: Power Politics and the Rise of Supra-National Institutions. New Jersey: Princeton.Google Scholar
Guardian Archive. 2003. Special Report: The WTO Summit in Cancun. www.theguardian.com/wto/cancun/0,13815,1018998,00.html.Google Scholar
Harris Rimmer, Susan (2015). ‘A critique of Australia’s G20 presidency and the Brisbane summit 2014.’ Global Summitry. 1: 1. Pp. 41–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoen, Ellen 't. 2002. ‘TRIPS, pharmaceutical patents, and access to essential medicines: A long way from Seattle to Doha.’ Chicago Journal of International Law. 3 (1). Article 6. http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol3/iss1/6Google Scholar
Hufbauer, Gary F. 1999. ‘World trade after Seattle: Implications for the United States.’ Policy Brief. Peterson Institute for International Economics. 99-10. December. www.piie.com/publications/policy-briefs/world-trade-after-seattle-implications-united-states.Google Scholar
Hulme, David. 2009. ‘The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): A short history of the world’s biggest promise.’ BWPI Working Paper. No. 100. Brookings World Poverty Institute. September. www.unidev.info/Portals/0/pdf/bwpi-wp-10009.pdf.Google Scholar
Indian Penal Code, Amendment. 1983. Criminal Law (Second Amendment) Act, 1983 (46 of 1983). 26 December. www.498a.org/contents/amendments/Act%2046%20of%201983.pdf.Google Scholar
Ismail, Faizel. 2009. ‘Reflections on the July 2008 collapse.’ In Narlikar, Amrita and Vickers, Brendan (eds). Leadership and Change in the Multilateral Trading System. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Japan Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI). 2000. ‘The Seattle Ministerial Conference.’ Chapter 17 in Report on the WTO Consistency of Trade Policies by Major Trading Partners. Industrial Structure Council. http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1286050/19.Google Scholar
Jonguières, Guy de and Frances, Williams. 1999. ‘A goal beyond reach: The unseemly collapse of the World Trade Organisation talks means that further liberalisation is becoming a distant prospect.’ Commentary and Analysis. Financial Times. 6 December.Google Scholar
Kaiser, Robert and Burgess, John. 1999. ‘A Seattle primer: How not to hold WTO talks.’ Washington Post. 12 December. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/WPcap/1999-12/12/117r-121299-idx.html.Google Scholar
Khor, Martin. 1999. Letter sent by 11 Countries Criticising Green Room Processes (6 November). News Report. 15 November. www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/209/43577.html.Google Scholar
Kwa, Aileen. 2003. Power Politics in the WTO. Bangkok: Focus on the Global South. January. 2nd ed. https://focusweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2003/01/power-politics-in-the-WTO.pdf.Google Scholar
Lamy, Pascal. 1999. Speech at ministerial meeting, Seattle. Speech/99/203. 2 December. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-99-203_en.htm.Google Scholar
Lamy, Pascal. 2003. Speech. Press Conference closing the World Trade Organisation 5th Ministerial Conference. Cancun. 14 September. SPEECH/03/409. https://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-03-409_en.htm.Google Scholar
Levi, Margaret and Murphy, Gillian. 2006. ‘Coalitions of contention: The case of WTO protests in Seattle.’ Political Studies. 54. Pp. 651–670.Google Scholar
Love, James. 2011. ‘What the 2001 Doha Declaration changed.’ 16 September. www.keionline.org/21680.Google Scholar
Lovett, Adrian. 2015. ‘Make poverty history? A decade from Gleneagles, it is now a genuine possibility.’ The Guardian. 6 July. www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jul/06/make-poverty-history-campaign-gleneagles-sustainable-development-goals.Google Scholar
Marshall, Katherine and Keough, Lucy. 2004. Mind, Heart and Soul in the Fight against Poverty. Washington D.C.: World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/220251468762875492/pdf/298790PAPER0Mind10heart010soul.pdf.Google Scholar
Mathiason, Nick. 2003. ‘Poor rattle doors of WTO Club.’ The Guardian. 14 September. www.theguardian.com/business/2003/sep/14/wto.politics.Google Scholar
Milanovic, Branko. 2016. Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Morin, Jean-Frederic. 2011. ‘The life-cycle of transnational issues: Lessons from the access to medicines controversy.’ Global Society. 25: 2. Pp. 227–247.Google Scholar
Morin, Jean-Frederic. 2014. ‘Paradigm shift in the global IP regime: The agency of academics.’ Review of International Political Economy. 21: 2. Pp. 275–309.Google Scholar
Murphy, Gillian and Pfaff, Steven. 2005. ‘Thinking globally, acting locally? What the Seattle protests tell us about the global justice movement.’ Political Power and Social Theory. 17. Pp. 151–176.Google Scholar
Narlikar, Amrita. 2001. ‘WTO decision-making and developing countries.’ Trade-Related Agenda, Development, and Equity (T.R.A.D.E) Working Paper. No. 11. Geneva: South Centre. November. www.iatp.org/sites/default/files/WTO_Decision-Making_and_Developing_Countries.htm.Google Scholar
Narlikar, Amrita. 2005. The World Trade Organization: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Narlikar, Amrita. 2010. Deadlocks in Multilateral Negotiations: Causes and Solutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narlikar, Amrita. 2017. ‘Can the G20 save Globalisation?’ GIGA Focus. No. 1. www.giga-hamburg.de/en/system/files/publications/gf_global_1701_en.pdf.Google Scholar
Narlikar, Amrita and Tussie, Diana. 2004. ‘The G20 at the Cancun Ministerial: Developing countries and their evolving coalitions.’ The World Economy. 27: 7. Pp. 947–966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narlikar, Amrita and Odell, John. 2006. ‘The strict distributive strategy for a bargaining coalition: The like minded group in the World Trade Organization.’ In Odell, John (ed.). Negotiating Trade: Developing Countries in the WTO and NAFTA. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Narlikar, Amrita and van Houten, Peter. 2010. Know the enemy: Uncertainty and deadlock in the WTO. In Narlikar, Amrita (ed.). Deadlocks in Multilateral Negotiations: Causes and Solutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odell, John. 2006. Negotiating Trade: Developing Countries in the WTO and NAFTA. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Odell, John, 2009. ‘Breaking deadlocks in international institutional negotiations: The WTO, Seattle, and Doha.’ International Studies Quarterly. 53. Pp. 273–299.Google Scholar
Odell, John and Sell, Susan. 2006. Reframing the issue: The WTO coalition on intellectual property and public health, 2001. In Odell, John (ed.). Negotiating Trade: Developing Countries in the WTO and NAFTA. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ourbak, Timothée and Magnan, Alexandre K.. 2018. ‘The Paris agreement and climate change negotiations: Small islands, big players.’ Regional Environmental Change. 18: 8. Pp. 2201–2207.Google Scholar
Picketty, Thomas. 2014. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Prasad, Monica, Kimeldorf, Howard, Meyer, Rachel, and Robinson, Ian. 2004. ‘Consumers of the world unite: A market-based response to sweatshops.’ Labor Studies Journal. 29: 3. Pp. 57–80.Google Scholar
Rodrik, Dani. 2011. The Globalization Paradox: Why Global Markets, States and Democracy Can’t Coexist. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Scherer, F. M. and Watal, Jayashree. 2001. Post-trips options for access to patented medicines in developing countries. CMH Working Paper series. Commission on Macroeconomics and Health: A WHO Commission examining the interrelation between investments in health, economic growth and poverty reduction. November. http://icrier.org/pdf/jayawatal%20.pdf.Google Scholar
Scholte, Jan Aart. 2000. ‘Cautionary reflections on Seattle.’ Millennium. 29: 1. Pp 115–121.Google Scholar
Schott, Jeffrey. 2000. The WTO after Seattle. Washington D.C.: Institute for International Economics.Google Scholar
Seattle City Council (2000). Report of Seattle City Council’s WTO Accountability Committee. 14 September. http://depts.washington.edu/wtohist/documents/arcfinal.pdf.Google Scholar
Sidiropoulos, Elizabeth (2011). ‘Legitimacy and credibility: Challenges of broadening the G20 agenda. In Hofmeister, Wilhelm and Vogt, Susanna (eds). G20 – Perceptions and Perspectives for Global Governance. Berlin: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. www.kas.de/wf/en/33.29099/.Google Scholar
Steinberg, Richard. 2002. ‘In the shadow of law or power? Consensus-based bargaining and outcomes in the WTO.’ International Organization. 56: 2. Pp. 339–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiglitz, Joseph. 1999. ‘Reforming the global economic architecture: Lessons from recent crisis.’ Journal of Finance. 54: 4. Pp. 1508–1521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiglitz, Joseph. 2012. The Price of Inequality. New York: WW Norton.Google Scholar
Sun, Haochen. 2004. ‘The road to Doha and beyond: Some reflections on the TRIPS agreement and public health.’ European Journal of International Law. 15 (1). Pp. 123–150.Google Scholar
Third World Network. 1999a. ‘Africa, Caribbean, Latin America protest no democracy at WTO.’ African Trade Ministers’ statement, Caribbean Community (CARICOM) communique, Latin American and Caribbean countries’ joint communique. 2 December. http://twn.my/title/deb5-cn.htm.Google Scholar
Third World Network. 1999b. ‘The Revolt of Developing Nations.’ 3 December. http://twn.my/title/deb1-cn.htm.Google Scholar
Third World Network. 2003. ‘Statement by the Third World Network on the events of the final day of the Cancun Conference.’ 14 September. www.twn.my/title/twninfo77.htm.Google Scholar
Thunberg, Greta. 2018. Speech: COP 24 Plenary Session. Katowice. Poland. 12 December. www.fridaysforfuture.org/greta-speeches#greta_speech_dec3_2018.Google Scholar
Time Magazine. 2017. ‘2017 Person of the year: The silence breakers.’ https://time.com/time-person-of-the-year-2017-silence-breakers/Google Scholar
US General Accounting Office. 2000. ‘Seattle Ministerial Conference: Outcomes and lessons learned.’ Testimony by Susan S. Westin, Committee on Finance, US Senate. GAO/T-NSIAD-00-86. February. www.gao.gov/new.items/ns00086t.pdf.Google Scholar
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2019. Special Procedures: Current and Former Mandate-Holders for Existing Mandates. www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/SP/Pages/.aspx. Valid as of 1 May.Google Scholar
UNFCCC. 2015. The Paris Agreement. Paris: UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf.Google Scholar
Van den Bossche, Peter. 2006. ‘NGO involvement in the WTO: A lawyer’s perspective on a glass half-full or a glass half-empty?’ Maastricht Faculty of Law Working Paper. 2006/10. http://digitalarchive.maastrichtuniversity.nl/fedora/get/guid:b69b60a9–1f56–465a-a57a-6aedca7822e5/ASSET1.Google Scholar
VanGrasstek, Craig. 2013. The History and Future of the World Trade Organization. Geneva: WTO.Google Scholar
Wahlström, Mattias, Kocyba, Piotr, De Vydt, Michiel and de Moor, Joost (eds). (2019). Protest for a Future: Composition, Mobilization and Motives of the Participants in Fridays For Future Climate Protests on 15 March, 2019 in 13 European Cities. www.tu-chemnitz.de/phil/iesg/professuren/klome/forschung/ZAIP/Dokumente/Protest_for_a_future_GCS_Descriptive_Report.pdf.Google Scholar
Wall Street Journal. 2009. Maldives Underwater Cabinet Meeting: Video. 17 October. www.wsj.com/video/maldives-underwater-cabinet-meeting/AC96723D-AF29-4C86-AF19-4A56E102D218.html.Google Scholar
White House press briefing. 1999. Office of the Press Secretary: Press Briefing by Gene Sperling and Charlene Barshefsky. 24 November. https://clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov/textonly/WH/New/WTO-Conf-1999/briefings/19991124-1245.html.Google Scholar
Wilson, Dominic and Purushothaman, Roopa. 2003. Dreaming with the BRICS: The Path to 2050. Goldman Sachs, Global Economics, Paper no. 99. 1 October. www.goldmansachs.com/insights/archive/archive-pdfs/brics-dream.pdf.Google Scholar
WTO. 1998. Geneva Ministerial Declaration. Adopted on 20 May. www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min98_e/mindec_e.htm.Google Scholar
WTO. 1999a. Press Release on the Ministerial. 28 June. www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min99_e/english/press_e/minrel_e.htm.Google Scholar
WTO. 1999b. Press Pack: WTO 3rd Ministerial Conference, Seattle, 30 November–3 December. 28 November. www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min99_e/english/about_e/presspack_english.pdf.Google Scholar
WTO. 1999c. Press Release: Moore spells out priorities for Seattle Ministerial Conference. Press/135. 2 September. www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min99_e/english/press_e/pres135_e.htm.Google Scholar
WTO. 1999d. Statement by Murasoli Maran, Minister for Commerce and Industry, India. WT/MIN(99)/ST/16. 30 November.Google Scholar
WTO. 1999e. ‘3 December: the final day and what happens next.’ Briefing Note 3. 3 December. www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min99_e/english/about_e/resum03_e.htm.Google Scholar
WTO. 1999f. Preparation for the 1999 Ministerial Conference: Compilation of proposals submitted in phase 2 of the preparatory process. Informal Note by the Secretariat. JOB(99)/4797/Rev 3. 18 November.Google Scholar
WTO. 1999g. Preparations for the 1999 Ministerial Conference: Implementation issues to be addressed before/ at Seattle. Communication from Cuba, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Uganda. WT/GC/W/354. 11 October.Google Scholar
WTO. 1999h. ‘Preparations for the 1999 Ministerial Conference: Draft Text.’ JOB(99)/5868/Rev.1. 19 October. www.ictsd.org/sites/default/files/news/2012/12/WTO-MC3-declaration.pdf.Google Scholar
WTO. 2001a. Doha Ministerial Declaration. Adopted on 14 November. WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1. 20 November.Google Scholar
WTO. 2001b. TRIPS and Public Health: Paper submitted by a group of developing countries to the TRIPS Council for the special discussion on intellectual property and access to medicine. Submission by the Africa Group, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Pakistan, Paraguay, Philippines, Peru, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Venezuela. IP/C/W/296. 20 June. www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/paper_develop_w296_e.htm.Google Scholar
WTO. 2001c. Draft Ministerial Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and Public Health: Proposal from a group of developing countries. Submission by the African Group, Bangladesh, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Pakistan, Paraguay, Philippines, Peru, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Venezuela. IP/C/W/312, WT/GC/W/450. 4 October. www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/mindecdraft_w312_e.htm#Top.Google Scholar
WTO. 2002. Summary Report. Internal Transparency and Decision-Making processes at the WTO: Critical Issues and Recommendations. WTO NGO Symposium. 1 May. www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/summary_report_intern_transp.doc.Google Scholar
WTO. 2003a. Implementation of paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health: Decision of the General Council of 30 August of 2003. WT/L/540. 1 September.Google Scholar
WTO. 2003b. Agriculture – Framework Proposal. Joint Proposal by Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, India, Mexico, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand and Venezuela. WT/MIN(03)/W/6. 4 September.Google Scholar
WTO. 2003c. Poverty Reduction: Sectoral Initiative in Favour of Cotton. Joint Proposal by Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Mali dated 28 July. WT/MIN(03)/W/2. 15 August.Google Scholar
WTO. 2003d. Comments on the EC Communication (WT/GC/491) on the Modalities for the Singapore Issues: Communication from Bangladesh, Cuba, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Venezuela, Zambia and Zimbabwe dated 4 July. WT/GC/W/501. 8 July.Google Scholar
WTO. 2008. Groups in the WTO. www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/meet08_brief08_e.doc.Google Scholar
WTO. 2017a. Press Release: WTO IP rules amended to ease poor countries’ access to affordable medicines. 23 January.Google Scholar
WTO. 2017b. Groups in the Negotiations. 24 June. www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/negotiating_groups_e.htm.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Winning against the Odds
  • Amrita Narlikar
  • Book: Poverty Narratives and Power Paradoxes in International Trade Negotiations and Beyond
  • Online publication: 16 April 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108234191.003
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Winning against the Odds
  • Amrita Narlikar
  • Book: Poverty Narratives and Power Paradoxes in International Trade Negotiations and Beyond
  • Online publication: 16 April 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108234191.003
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Winning against the Odds
  • Amrita Narlikar
  • Book: Poverty Narratives and Power Paradoxes in International Trade Negotiations and Beyond
  • Online publication: 16 April 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108234191.003
Available formats
×