4 - Modern Development of International Human Rights Law: Practice Involving Multilateral Treaties and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Summary

The revulsion against the Nazis' rejection of legality, questions about the true application of the principle of legality in the Nuremberg prosecutions, and other factors driving the international human rights movement led to the principle of legality becoming an international human right. The rest of this book is largely concerned with how this happened between World War II and the present and the current status of customary international law concerning legality. This chapter considers the treaty law and other international acts of states concerning legality and non-retroactivity of criminal law. Later chapters will consider the internal and comparative law of legality in modern states, legality in the modern international and internationalized criminal tribunals, and the current status of legality in customary international law.

The emphasis on legality after the war was driven at least in part by a sense of guilt (or perhaps shame) that Nuremberg and Tokyo might have involved violations of legality, specifically concerning the creation of the crime of aggression, and, to a lesser extent, crimes against humanity. Moreover, many hoped to turn the same prosecutions into a onetime set of events that – even if problematic in themselves – would create a solid foundation of law to support later prosecutions for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace.

Perhaps this was best summed up in a remark by René Cassin, of France, in the negotiations that led to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.