List of Civilian Militias based on Political and Ideological Affiliations

Summary

Affiliated with the Indonesian Military (TNI):

Organisasi Pagar Desa: Founded in the 1950s by A.H. Nasution to help TNI eliminate Darul Islam/Tentara Islam Indonesia(DI/TII) separatist rebels; militaristic, co-opted by the government.

Angkatan Muda Siliwangi/Angkatan Muda Diponegoro: Founded in the 1970s by Ali Murtopo to support Golkar's victory and to fight against student demonstrations; militaristic, co-opted by the government.

Makikit: Founded in 1976 by the Army's Special Force (Kopassus) to help TNI deal with Fretilin/East Timor pro-independence fighters; militaristic, co-opted by the government.

Baladi Karya:Founded in 1963 by Soksito help TNI eliminate the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI); militaristic, co-opted by the government.

Pam Swakarsa: Founded in 1998 by Abdul Gafur to secure the General Session of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR); militaristic, co-opted by the government.

Front Pembela Islam(FPI): Founded in 1998 by Habib Muhammad Rizieq Shihab to secure the MPR's General Session and combat drugs and immoral acts; militaristic, co-opted by the government.

Affiliated with B.J. Habibie:

Front Bersama Umat Islam:Founded by Eggy Sujana in 1999 to secure the MPR's General Session and fight against pro-Megawati/critical students; political Islamic-based, co-opted by the government.

Affiliated with Suharto:

Satgas(Task Force) Tebas: Founded in 1998 by Dion Adikusumah to secure the MPR's General Session and handle pro-Megawati/critical students; militaristic, co-opted by the government.

Affiliated with Muhammadiyah:

Kokam: Founded in 1965 by Muhammadiyah to eliminate the PKI; modernist Islamic-based, co-opted by the government.