Recovering the US Mental Healthcare System The Past, Present, and Future of Psychosocial Interventions for Psychosis
Part II - The Present
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 March 2022
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Recovering the US Mental Healthcare SystemThe Past, Present, and Future of Psychosocial Interventions for Psychosis, pp. 101 - 156Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2022
References
References
Addis, M. E., Wade, W. A., & Hatgis, C. (2006). Barriers to dissemination of evidence-based practices: Addressing practitioners’ concerns about manual-based psychotherapies. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6(4), 430–441. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.6.4.430Google Scholar
Ayllon, T., & Azrin, N. (1968). The token economy: A motivational system for therapy and rehabilitation. Appleton Century Crofts. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 7(3), 348. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(69)90022-9Google Scholar
Azrin, S. T., Goldstein, A. B., & Heinssen, R. K. (2015). Early intervention for psychosis: The recovery after an initial schizophrenia episode project. Psychiatric Annals, 45(11), 548–553. https://doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20151103-05Google Scholar
Balas, E. A., & Boren, S. A. (2000). Managing clinical knowledge for health care improvement. Yearbook of Medical Informatics, 09(01), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1637943Google Scholar
Beck, A. T. (1952). Successful outpatient psychotherapy of a chronic schizophrenic with a delusion based on borrowed guilt. Psychiatry, 15(3), 305–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1952.11022883Google Scholar
Becker, D. R., & Drake, R. E. (2003). A Working Life for People with Severe Mental Illness. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beidas, R. S., & Kendall, P. C. (2010). Training therapists in evidence-based practice: A critical review of studies from a systems-contextual perspective. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 17(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2009.01187.xGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bellack, A. S., Hersen, M., & Turner, S. M. (1976). Generalization effects of social skills training in chronic schizophrenics: An experimental analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 14(6), 391–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(76)90085-1Google Scholar
Bowtell, M., Eaton, S., Thien, K., Bardell-Williams, M., Downey, L., Ratheesh, A., Killackey, E., McGorry, P., & O’Donoghue, B. (2018). Rates and predictors of relapse following discontinuation of antipsychotic medication after a first episode of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 195, 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.030Google Scholar
Breitborde, N. J., Guirgis, H., Stearns, W., Carpenter, K. M., Lteif, G., Pine, J. G., … Moe, A. M. (2020). The Ohio State University Early Psychosis Intervention Center (EPICENTER) step-based care programme for individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis: Study protocol for an observational study. British Medical Journal Open, 10(1), 1–8.Google Scholar
Chinman, M., George, P., Dougherty, R. H., Daniels, A. S., Ghose, S. S., Swift, A., & Delphin-Rittmon, M. E. (2014). Peer support services for individuals with serious mental illnesses: Assessing the evidence. Psychiatric Services, 65(4), 429–441. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300244Google Scholar
Correll, C. U., Galling, B., Pawar, A., Krivko, A., Bonetto, C., Ruggeri, M., … Kane, J. M. (2018). Comparison of early intervention services vs treatment as usual for early-phase psychosis: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. The Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, 75(6), 555–565. https:/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0623Google Scholar
Dobson, K. S. (1989). A meta-analysis of the efficacy of cognitive therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57(3), 414–419. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.57.3.414Google Scholar
Doyle, R., Turner, N., Fanning, F., Brennan, D., Renwick, L., Lawlor, E., & Clarke, M. (2014). First-episode psychosis and disengagement from treatment: A systematic review. Psychiatric Services, 65(5), 603–611. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201200570Google Scholar
Falloon, I. R. H., Boyd, J. L., McGill, C. W., Razani, J., Moss, H. B., & Gilderman, A. M. (1982). Family management in the prevention of exacerbations of schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine, 306(24), 1437–1440. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm19820617306240Google Scholar
Foa, E. B., McLean, C. P., Brown, L. A., Zang, Y., Rosenfield, D., Zandberg, L. J., … Peterson, A. L. (2020). The effects of a prolonged exposure workshop with and without consultation on provider and patient outcomes: A randomized implementation trial. Implementation Science, 15(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012–020-01014-xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garety, P. A., Kuipers, L., Fowler, D., Chamberlain, F., & Dunn, G. (1994). Cognitive behavioural therapy for drug‐resistant psychosis. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 67(3), 259–271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8341.1994.tb01795.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gleeson, J. F. M., Cotton, S. M., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., Wade, D., Gee, D., Crisp, K., … McGorry, P. D. (2009). A randomized controlled trial of relapse prevention therapy for first-episode psychosis patients. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70(4), 477–486. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.08m04407CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, J., Green, L., & Mason, B. (2003). Basic research and health: A reassessment of the scientific basis for the support of biomedical science. Research Evaluation, 12(3), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.3152/147154403781776618Google Scholar
Grawe, R. W., Falloon, I. R. H., Widen, J. H., & Skogvoll, E. (2006). Two years of continued early treatment for recent-onset schizophrenia: A randomised controlled study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 114(5), 328–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00799.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heinssen, R. K., Goldstein, A. B., & Azrin, S. T. (April 14, 2014). Evidence-based treatments for first episode psychosis: Components of coordinated specialty care. Https://Www.Nimh.Nih.Gov/Health/Topics/Schizophrenia/Raise/Nimh-White-Paper-Csc-for-Fep_147096.Pdf. https://www.nasmhpd.org/sites/default/files/Summary%20of%20Evidence-BasedTreament%20Components%20for%20FEP_14APR_2014_Final.pdfGoogle Scholar
Herschell, A. D., Kolko, D. J., Baumann, B. L., & Davis, A. C. (2010). The role of therapist training in the implementation of psychosocial treatments: A review and critique with recommendations. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(4), 448–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.02.005Google Scholar
Hogarty, G. E. (1986). Family psychoeducation, social skills training, and maintenance chemotherapy in the aftercare treatment of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43(7), 633. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800070019003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hogarty, G. E. (1991). Family psychoeducation, social skills training, and maintenance chemotherapy in the aftercare treatment of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48(4), 340. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810280056008Google Scholar
Humensky, J. L., Dixon, L. B., & Essock, S. M. (2013). State mental health policy: An interactive tool to estimate costs and resources for a first-episode psychosis initiative in New York State. Psychiatric Services, 64(9), 832–834. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300186CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kane, J. M., Robinson, D. G., Schooler, N. R., Mueser, K. T., Penn, D. L., Rosenheck, R. A., … Heinssen, R. K. (2016). Comprehensive versus usual community care for first-episode psychosis: 2-Year outcomes from the NIMH RAISE early treatment program. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(4), 362–372. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15050632Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S. (2020). Eugen Bleuler’s views on the genetics of schizophrenia in 1917. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 46(4), 758–764. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz131Google Scholar
Kingdon, D., Turkington, D., & John, C. (1994). Cognitive behaviour therapy of schizophrenia: The amenability of delusions and hallucinations to reasoning. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 164(5), 581–587. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.164.5.581Google Scholar
Miltenberger, R. G. (2011). Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures. Cengage Learning.Google Scholar
Moe, A. M., Rubinstein, E. B., Gallagher, C. J., Weiss, D. M., Stewart, A., & Breitborde, N. J. K. (2018b). Improving access to specialized care for first-episode psychosis: An ecological model. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, Volume 11, 127–138. https://doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s131833Google Scholar
Morris, Z. S., Wooding, S., & Grant, J. (2011). The answer is 17 years, what is the question: Understanding time lags in translational research. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 104(12), 510–520. https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.2011.110180Google Scholar
Mueser, K. T., Penn, D. L., Addington, J., Brunette, M. F., Gingerich, S., Glynn, S. M., … Kane, J. M. (2015). The NAVIGATE program for first-episode psychosis: Rationale, overview, and description of psychosocial components. Psychiatric Services, 66(7), 680–690. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400413Google Scholar
Neimeyer, G. J., Taylor, J. M., Rozensky, R. H., & Cox, D. R. (2014). The diminishing durability of knowledge in professional psychology: A second look at specializations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 45(2), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036176CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ojeda, V. D., Munson, M. R., Jones, N., Berliant, E., & Gilmer, T. P. (2020). The availability of peer support and disparities in outpatient mental health service use among minority youth with serious mental illness. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488–020-01073-8Google Scholar
Oliver, J. A., & Lang, J. M. (2018). Barriers and consultation needs regarding implementation of evidence-based treatment in community agencies. Children and Youth Services Review, 94, 368–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.10.004Google Scholar
Osterberg, L., & Blaschke, T. (2005). Adherence to medication. New England Journal of Medicine, 353(5), 487–497. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra050100Google Scholar
Paul, G. L., & Lentz, R. J. (1977). Psychosocial Treatment of Chronic Mental Patients: Milieu Versus Social-Learning Programs. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Petersen, L., Jeppesen, P., Thorup, A., Abel, M.-B., Øhlenschlæger, J., Christensen, T. Ø., … Nordentoft, M. (2005). A randomised multicentre trial of integrated versus standard treatment for patients with a first episode of psychotic illness. British Medical Journal, 331(7517), 602. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38565.415000.e01Google Scholar
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification (1st ed.). American Psychological Association/Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Robinson, D. G., Schooler, N. R., Correll, C. U., John, M., Kurian, B. T., Marcy, P., … Kane, J. M. (2018). Psychopharmacological treatment in the RAISE-ETP study: Outcomes of a manual and computer decision support system based intervention. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(2), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16080919Google Scholar
Ruggeri, M., Bonetto, C., Lasalvia, A., Fioritti, A., de Girolamo, G., Santonastaso, P., … Meneghelli, A. (2015). Feasibility and effectiveness of a multi-element psychosocial intervention for first-episode psychosis: Results from the cluster-randomized controlled get up piano trial in a catchment area of 10 million inhabitants. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(5), 1192–1203. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv058Google Scholar
Schoeler, T., Petros, N., Di Forti, M., Klamerus, E., Foglia, E., Murray, R., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2017). Poor medication adherence and risk of relapse associated with continued cannabis use in patients with first-episode psychosis: A prospective analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(8), 627–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215–0366(17)30233-xGoogle Scholar
Schoenbaum, M., Sutherland, J. M., Chappel, A., Azrin, S., Goldstein, A. B., Rupp, A., & Heinssen, R. K. (2017). Twelve-month health care use and mortality in commercially insured young people with incident psychosis in the United States. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 43(6), 1262–1272. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx009Google Scholar
Srihari, V. H., Tek, C., Kucukgoncu, S., Phutane, V. H., Breitborde, N. J. K., Pollard, J., … Woods, S. W. (2015). First-episode services for psychotic disorders in the U.S. Public Sector: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Psychiatric Services, 66(7), 705–712. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400236Google Scholar
Test, M. A., & Stein, L. I. (1976). Practical guidelines for the community treatment of markedly impaired patients. Community Mental Health Journal, 12(1), 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01435740Google Scholar
Zubin, J., & Spring, B. (1977). Vulnerability: A new view of schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86(2), 103–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.86.2.103Google Scholar
References
Addington, D., Birchwood, M., Jones, P., Killackey, E., McDaid, D., Melau, M., … Nordentoft, M. (2018). Fidelity scales and performance measures to support implementation and quality assurance for first-episode psychosis services. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 12(6), 1235–1242. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12684CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Addington, J., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., … Heinssen, R. (2007). North American prodrome longitudinal study: A collaborative multisite approach to prodromal schizophrenia research. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(3), 665–672. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbl075Google Scholar
Addington, J., Cornblatt, B. A., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., … Heinssen, R. (2011). At clinical high risk for psychosis: Outcome for nonconverters. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(8), 800–805. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10081191Google Scholar
Addington, J., Heinssen, R. K., Robinson, D. G., Schooler, N. R., Marcy, P., Brunette, M. F., … Kane, J. M. (2015). Duration of untreated psychosis in community treatment settings in the United States. Psychiatric Services, 66(7), 753–756. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400124Google Scholar
Addington, D., Noel, V., Landers, M., & Bond, G. R. (2020). Reliability and Feasibility of the First-Episode Psychosis Services Fidelity Scale–Revised for Remote Assessment. Psychiatric Services, 71(12), 1245–1251.Google Scholar
Addington, J., Penn, D., Woods, S. W., Addington, D., & Perkins, D. O. (2008). Social functioning in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 99(1–3), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.10.001Google Scholar
Addington, J., Stowkowy, J., Liu, L., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., … & Woods, S. W. (2019). Clinical and functional characteristics of youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis who do not transition to psychosis. Psychological medicine, 49(10), 1670–1677.Google Scholar
Albert, N., Glenthøj, L., Melau, M., Jensen, H., Hjorthøj, C., & Nordentoft, M. (2016). Course of illness in a sample of patients diagnosed with a schizotypal disorder and treated in a specialized early intervention setting. Findings from the 3.5year follow-up of the OPUS II study. Schizophrenia Research, 182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.10.013Google Scholar
Albert, N., Melau, M., Jensen, H., Emborg, C., Jepsen, J. R. M., Fagerlund, B., … Nordentoft, M. (2017). Five years of specialised early intervention versus two years of specialised early intervention followed by three years of standard treatment for patients with a first-episode psychosis: randomised, superiority, parallel group trial in Denmark (OPUS II). BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 356, i6681. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28082379CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Austin, S. F., Mors, O., Budtz-Jørgensen, E., Secher, R. G., Hjorthøj, C. R., Bertelsen, M., … Nordentoft, M. (2015). Long-term trajectories of positive and negative symptoms in first-episode psychosis: A 10 year follow-up study in the OPUS cohort. Schizophrenia Research, 168(1–2), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.07.021Google Scholar
Baandrup, L., Voldsgaard, I., Cerqueira, C., Riis, J. L., Nordentoft, M. (2012). The National Schizophrenia Database. Ugeskrift for Laeger, 174, 2548.Google Scholar
Baandrup, L., Cerqueira, C., Haller, L., Korshøj, L., Voldsgaard, I., & Nordentoft, M. (2016). The Danish schizophrenia registry. Clinical Epidemiology, 8, 691–695. https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S99488Google Scholar
Baandrup, L., Østrup Rasmussen, J., Klokker, L., Austin, S., Bjørnshave, T., Fuglsang Bliksted, V., … Nordentoft, M. (2016). Treatment of adult patients with schizophrenia and complex mental health needs – A national clinical guideline. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 70(3), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2015.1074285Google Scholar
Bao, Y., Li, Y., Jeng, P. J., Scodes, J., Papp, M. A., Humensky, J. L., … & Dixon, L. B. (2021). Design of a Payment Decision–Support Tool for Coordinated Specialty Care for Early Psychosis. Psychiatric Services, 72(2), 180–185.Google Scholar
Beck, K., Andreou, C., Studerus, E., Heitz, U., Ittig, S., Leanza, L., & Riecher-Rössler, A. (2019). Clinical and functional long-term outcome of patients at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis without transition to psychosis: A systematic review. Schizophrenia Research, 210, 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.047Google Scholar
Bello, I., Lee, R., Malinovsky, I., Watkins, L., Nossel, I., Smith, T., … Dixon, L. B. (2017). OnTrackNY: The development of a coordinated specialty care program for individuals experiencing early psychosis. Psychiatric Services, 68(4), 318–320. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201600512Google Scholar
Bertelsen, M., Jeppesen, P., Petersen, L., Thorup, A., Øhlenschlæger, J., le Quach, P., … Nordentoft, M. (2008). Five-year follow-up of a randomized multicenter trial of intensive early intervention vs standard treatment for patients with a first-episode of psychotic illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(7), 762. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.65.7.762Google Scholar
Birchwood, M., Connor, C., Lester, H., Patterson, P., Freemantle, N., Marshall, M., … Singh, S. P. (2013). Reducing duration of untreated psychosis: Care pathways to early intervention in psychosis services. British Journal of Psychiatry, 203(1), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.125500Google Scholar
Birchwood, M., McGorry, P., & Jackson, H. (1997). Early intervention in schizophrenia [editorial]. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170(2), 2–5. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.1.2Google Scholar
Birchwood, M., Michail, M., Meaden, A., Tarrier, N., Lewis, S., Wykes, T., … Peters, E. (2014). Cognitive behaviour therapy to prevent harmful compliance with command hallucinations (COMMAND): A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 1(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215–0366(14)70247-0Google Scholar
Buchanan, R. W., Kreyenbuhl, J., Kelly, D. L., Noel, J. M., Boggs, D. L., Fischer, B. A., … Keller, W. (2010). The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychopharmacological treatment recommendations and summary statements. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(1), 71–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp116Google Scholar
Canady, V. A. (2020). Advocates praise new National Suicide Prevention Lifeline law. Mental Health Weekly, 30(41), 6–6.Google Scholar
Caplan, B., Zimmet, S. V., Meyer, E. C., Friedman-Yakoobian, M., Monteleone, T., Jude Leung, Y., … Seidman, L. J. (2013). Prevention and Recovery in Early Psychosis (PREP®): Building a public-academic partnership program in Massachusetts, United States. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 6(2), 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2012.10.009Google Scholar
Carrión, R. E., Auther, A. M., McLaughlin, D., Olsen, R., Addington, J., Bearden, C. E., … Cornblatt, B. A. (2019). The global functioning: social and role scales-further validation in a large sample of adolescents and young adults at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 45(4), 763–772. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby126Google Scholar
Chan, S. K., Chan, S. W. Y., Pang, H. H., Yan, K. K., Hui, C. L. M., Chang, W. C., … Chen, E. Y. H. (2018). Association of an early intervention service for psychosis with suicide rate among patients with first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. The Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, 75(5), 458–464. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0185Google Scholar
Chang, W. C., Chan, G. H. K., Jim, O. T. T., Lau, E. S. K., Hui, C. L. M., Chan, S. K. W., … Chen, E. Y. H. (2015). Optimal duration of an early intervention programme for first-episode psychosis: Randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 206(6), 492–500. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.150144Google Scholar
Chang, W. C., Kit Wa Chan, S., Yu Hai Chen, E., Wing Yan Kwong, V., Sin Kei Lau, E., Sau Man Wong, C., … Chan, S. K. W. (2017). Sustainability of treatment effect of a 3-year early intervention programme for first-episode psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 211(1), 37–44. Retrieved from http://10.0.4.168/bjp.bp.117.198929%0Ahttp://ezproxy.usherbrooke.ca/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=124325612&site=ehost-liveGoogle Scholar
Christensen, T. N., Wallstrøm, I. G., Stenager, E., Bojesen, A. B., Gluud, C., Nordentoft, M., & Eplov, L. F. (2019). Effects of individual placement and support supplemented with cognitive remediation and work-focused social skills training for people with severe mental illness. The Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2291Google Scholar
Correll, C. U., Galling, B., Pawar, A., Krivko, A., Bonetto, C., Ruggeri, M., … Kane, J. M. (2018). Comparison of early intervention services vs treatment as usual for early-phase psychosis: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. The Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, 75(6), 555–565. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0623Google Scholar
Cotter, J., Lin, A., Drake, R. J., Thompson, A., Nelson, B., McGorry, P., … Yung, A. R. (2017). Long-term employment among people at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 184(2017), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.11.033Google Scholar
Craig, T. K. J., Garety, P., Power, P., Rahaman, N., Colbert, S., Fornells-Ambrojo, M., & Dunn, G. (2004). The Lambeth Early Onset (LEO) Team: Randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of specialised care for early psychosis. British Medical Journal, 329(7474), 1067–1070. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38246.594873.7CGoogle Scholar
Craig, T. K., Rus-Calafell, M., Ward, T., Leff, J. P., Huckvale, M., Howarth, E., … Garety, P. A. (2018). AVATAR therapy for auditory verbal hallucinations in people with psychosis: A single-blind, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(1), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215–0366(17)30427-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Csillag, C., Nordentoft, M., Mizuno, M., McDaid, D., Arango, C., Smith, J., … Jones, P. B. (2018). Early intervention in psychosis: From clinical intervention to health system implementation. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 12(4), 757–764. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12514Google Scholar
De Wit, S., Schothorst, P. F., Oranje, B., Ziermans, T. B., Durston, S., & Kahn, R. S. (2014). Adolescents at ultra-high risk for psychosis: Long-term outcome of individuals who recover from their at-risk state. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 24(6), 865–873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.02.008Google Scholar
Dixon, L. (2017). What it will take to make coordinated specialty care available to anyone experiencing early schizophrenia. The Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, 74(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2665Google Scholar
Dixon, L. B., Goldman, H. H., Bennett, M. E., Wang, Y., McNamara, K. A., Mendon, S. J., … Essock, S. M. (2015). Implementing coordinated specialty care for early psychosis: The RAISE connection program. Psychiatric Services, 66(7), 691–698. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400281Google Scholar
Dixon, L. B., Goldman, H. H., Srihari, V. H., & Kane, J. M. (2018). Transforming the treatment of schizophrenia in the United States: The RAISE Initiative. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 14, 237–258. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084934Google Scholar
Fett, A.-K. J. K. J., Viechtbauer, W., Dominguez, M.-G. de G., Penn, D. L., van Os, J., & Krabbendam, L. (2011). The relationship between neurocognition and social cognition with functional outcomes in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(3), 573–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.001Google Scholar
Frank, R. G., Goldman, H. H., & Hogan, M. (2003). Medicaid And mental health: Be careful what you ask for. Health Affairs, 22(1), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.22.1.101Google Scholar
Fusar-Poli, P., Byrne, M., Badger, S., Valmaggia, L. R., & McGuire, P. K. (2013). Outreach and support in South London (OASIS), 2001–2011: Ten years of early diagnosis and treatment for young individuals at high clinical risk for psychosis. European Psychiatry, 28(5), 315–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.08.002Google Scholar
Gafoor, R., Nitsch, D., McCrone, P., Craig, T. K. J., Garety, P. A., Power, P., & McGuire, P. (2010). Effect of early intervention on 5-year outcome in non-affective psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(5), 372–376. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.066050Google Scholar
Goldman, H. H., & Karakus, M. C. (2014). Do not turn out the lights on the public mental health system when the ACA is fully implemented. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, 41(4), 429–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414–014-9394-yGoogle Scholar
Goldman, H. H., Karakus, M., Frey, W., & Beronio, K. (2013). Financing first-episode psychosis services in the United States. Psychiatric Services, 64(6), 506–508. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300106Google Scholar
Green, M. F. (1996). What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia? The American Journal of Psychiatry, 153(3), 321–330. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.153.3.321Google Scholar
Grob, G. N. (1994). The mad among us: A history of the care of America’s mentally ill. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Grob, G. N. (2006). The dilemma of federal mental health policy: radical reform or incremental change? Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Hastrup, L. H., Kronborg, C., Bertelsen, M., Jeppesen, P., Jorgensen, P., Petersen, L., … Nordentoft, M. (2013). Cost-effectiveness of early intervention in first-episode psychosis: Economic evaluation of a randomised controlled trial (the OPUS study). British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.112300CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heinssen, R.K., Goldstein, A.B., & Azrin, S. T. (2014). Evidence-based treatment for first-episode psychosis: Components of coordinated specialty care.Google Scholar
Hogan, M. F., & Goldman, M. L. (2020). New Opportunities to Improve Mental Health Crisis Systems. Psychiatric Services, https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.202000114.Google Scholar
Humensky, J. L., Dixon, L. B., & Essock, S. M. (2013). State mental health policy: an interactive tool to estimate costs and resources for a first-episode psychosis initiative in New York State. Hospital & Community Psychiatry, 64(9), 832–834. Retrieved from http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=psyc10&AN=2013-32461-014%0Ahttp://twuniversal.twu.edu/openurl/TXWU/twu_services_page?sid=OVID:psycdb&id=pmid:&id=doi:10.1176%2Fappi.ps.201300186&issn=1075-2730&isbn=&volume=64&issue=9&spGoogle Scholar
Jeppesen, P., Petersen, L., Thorup, A., Abel, M.-B., Øhlenschlæger, J., Christensen, T. Ø., … Nordentoft, M. (2005). Integrated treatment of first-episode psychosis: Effect of treatment on family burden. British Journal of Psychiatry, 187(S48), s85–s90. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.48.s85Google Scholar
Jeppesen, P., Petersen, L., Thorup, A., Abel, M.-B., Øhlenschlæger, J., Christensen, T. Ø., … Nordentoft, M. (2008). The association between pre-morbid adjustment, duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in first-episode psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 38(8), 1157–1166. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708003449Google Scholar
Kane, J. M., Robinson, D. G., Schooler, N. R., Mueser, K. T., Penn, D. L., Rosenheck, R. A., … & Heinssen, R. K. (2016). Comprehensive versus usual community care for first-episode psychosis: 2-year outcomes from the NIMH RAISE early treatment program. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(4), 362–372.Google Scholar
Kane, J. M., Schooler, N. R., Marcy, P., Correll, C. U., Brunette, M. F., Mueser, K. T., … Robinson, D. G. (2015). The RAISE early treatment program for first-episode psychosis. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(3), 240–246. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.14m09289Google Scholar
Kreyenbuhl, J., Buchanan, R. W., Dickerson, F. B., & Dixon, L. B. (2010). The schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): Updated treatment recommendations 2009. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(1), 94–103. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp130Google Scholar
Kühl, J. O. G., Laursen, T. M., Thorup, A., & Nordentoft, M. (2016). The incidence of schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders in Denmark in the period 2000–2012. A register-based study. Schizophrenia Research, 176(2–3), 533–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.06.023Google Scholar
Lehman, A. F., Kreyenbuhl, J., Buchanan, R. W., Dickerson, F. B., Dixon, L. B., Goldberg, R., … Steinwachs, D. M. (2004). The schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): Updated treatment recommendations 2003. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(2), 193–217. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007071Google Scholar
Lehman, A. F., & Steinwachs, D. M. (1998). Translating research into practice: the schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) treatment recommendations. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033302Google Scholar
Lin, A., Wood, S. J., Nelson, B., Beavan, A., McGorry, P., & Yung, A. R. (2015). Outcomes of nontransitioned cases in a sample at ultra-high risk for psychosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(3), 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13030418Google Scholar
Loebel, A. D., Lieberman, J. A., Alvir, J. M. J., Mayerhoff, D. I., Geisler, S. H., & Szymanski, S. R. (1992). Duration of psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(9), 1183–1188. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.149.9.1183Google ScholarPubMed
Lucksted, A., Essock, S. M., Stevenson, J., Mendon, S. J., Nossel, I. R., Goldman, H. H., … Dixon, L. B. (2015). Client views of engagement in the RAISE connection program for early psychosis recovery. Psychiatric Services, 66(7), 699–704. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400475Google Scholar
Lucksted, A., Stevenson, J., Nossel, I., Drapalski, A., Piscitelli, S., & Dixon, L. B. (2018). Family member engagement with early psychosis specialty care. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 12(5), 922–927. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12403Google Scholar
Madsen, T., Karstoft, K.-I., Secher, R. G., Austin, S. F., & Nordentoft, M. (2016). Trajectories of suicidal ideation in patients with first-episode psychosis: Secondary analysis of data from the OPUS trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(5), 443–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215–0366(15)00518-0Google Scholar
Malla, A., Joober, R., Iyer, S., Norman, R., Schmitz, N., Brown, T., … Abadi, S. (2017). Comparing three-year extension of early intervention service to regular care following two years of early intervention service in first-episode psychosis: A randomized single blind clinical trial. World Psychiatry, 16(3), 278–286. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20456Google Scholar
Marshall, M., Lewis, S., Lockwood, A., Drake, R., Jones, P., & Croudace, T. (2005). Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(9), 975–983. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.9.975Google Scholar
McFarlane, W. R. (2002). Multifamilygroups in the treatment of severe psychiatric disorders. New York/London: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
McGlashan, T. H., & Johannessen, J. O. (1996). Early detection and intervention with schizophrenia: Rationale. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22(2), 201–222. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8782282Google Scholar
McGorry, P. D. (2015). Early intervention in psychosis: Obvious, effective, overdue. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203(5), 310–318. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000284Google Scholar
Melau, M., Albert, N., & Nordentoft, M. (2018). Programme fidelity of specialized early intervention in Denmark. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 13(3), 627–632.Google Scholar
Melle, I., Johannesen, J. O., Friis, S., Haahr, U., Joa, I., Larsen, T. K., … McGlashan, T. (2006). Early detection of the first-episode of schizophrenia and suicidal behavior. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(5), 800–804. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.5.800Google Scholar
National Institue for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2014). Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults:Pprevention and management.Google Scholar
Nielsen, C. M., Hjorthøj, C., Killaspy, H., & Nordentoft, M. (2021). The effect of flexible assertive community treatment in Denmark: A quasi-experimental controlled study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(1), 27–35.Google Scholar
Nordentoft, M., Jørgensen, P., Gall, E. M., Krarup, G., & Martinussen, M. (2002). Integreret Indsats for Unge Med Psykose. Erfaringer fra OPUS Projektet, Copenhagen. Hans Reitzel.Google Scholar
Nordentoft, M., Melau, M., Iversen, T., & Kjær, S. (2009). Psykose hos Unge – Symptomer, Behandling og Fremtid. Erfaringer fra OPUS, København. Psykiatrifondens Forlag.Google Scholar
Nordentoft, M., Jeppesen, P., Abel, M., Kassow, P., Petersen, L., Thorup, A., … Jørgensen, P. (2002). OPUS study: Suicidal behaviour, suicidal ideation and hopelessness among patients with first-episode psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 181(S43), s98–s106. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.181.43.s98Google Scholar
Nordentoft, M., Pedersen, M. G., Pedersen, C. B., Blinkenberg, S., & Mortensen, P. B. (2012). The new asylums in the community: Severely ill psychiatric patients living in psychiatric supported housing facilities. A Danish register-based study of prognostic factors, use of psychiatric services, and mortality. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(8), 1251–1261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127–011-0432-2Google Scholar
North, C. S., Simic, Z., & Burruss, J. (2019). Design, implementation, and assessment of a public comprehensive specialty care program for early psychosis. Journal of Psychiatric Practice®, 25(2), 91–102.Google Scholar
Nossel, I., Wall, M. M., Scodes, J., Marino, L. A., Zilkha, S., Bello, I., … Dixon, L. (2018). Results of a coordinated specialty care program for early psychosis and predictors of outcomes. Psychiatric Services, 69(8), 863–870. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201700436Google Scholar
Penttilä, M., Jääskeläinen, E., Hirvonen, N., Isohanni, M., & Miettunen, J. (2014). Duration of untreated psychosis as predictor of long-term outcome in schizophrenia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 205(2), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.127753Google Scholar
Petersen, L., Jeppesen, P., Thorup, A., Abel, M.-B., Øhlenschlaeger, J., Christensen, T. Ø., … Nordentoft, M. (2005). A randomised multicentre trial of integrated versus standard treatment for patients with a first episode of psychotic illness. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 331(7517), 602. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38565.415000.E01Google Scholar
PhenX Toolkit, Version 22.1. (2018, J. 18). (n.d.). Early Psychosis Translational Research Specialty Collection.Google Scholar
Phillips, L. J., Leicester, S. B., O’Dwyer, L. E., Francey, S. M., Koutsogiannis, J., Abdel-Baki, A., … McGorry, P. D. (2002). The PACE Clinic: Identification and management of young people at “ultra” high risk of psychosis. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 8(5), 255–269. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15985888Google Scholar
Pot-kolder, R. M., Geraets, C. N., Veling, W., van Beilen, M., Staring, A. B., Gijsman, H. J., … & van der Gaag, M. (2018). Virtual-reality-based cognitive behavioural therapy versus waiting list control for paranoid ideation and social avoidance in patients with psychotic disorders: a single-blind randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(3), 217–226.Google Scholar
Robinson, D. G., Schooler, N. R., Correll, C. U., John, M., Kurian, B. T., Marcy, P., … Kane, J. M. (2018). Psychopharmacological treatment in the RAISE-ETP study: Outcomes of a manual and computer decision support system based intervention. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(2), 169–179. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16080919Google Scholar
Rosenheck, R., Leslie, D., Sint, K., Lin, H., Robinson, D. G., Schooler, N. R., … Kane, J. M. (2016). Cost-effectiveness of comprehensive, integrated care for first-episode psychosis in the NIMH RAISE Early Treatment Program. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(4), 896–906. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv224Google Scholar
Ruggeri, M., Bonetto, C., Lasalvia, A., De Girolamo, G., Fioritti, A., Rucci, P., … & Tansella, M. (2012). A multi-element psychosocial intervention for early psychosis (GET UP PIANO TRIAL) conducted in a catchment area of 10 million inhabitants: study protocol for a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials, 13(1), 1–16.Google Scholar
Ruggeri, M., Lasalvia, A., Santonastaso, P., Pileggi, F., Leuci, E., Miceli, M., … Bonetto, C. (2017). Family burden, emotional distress and service satisfaction in first-episode psychosis. Data from the GET UP trial. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(MAY). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00721Google Scholar
Secher, R. G., Hjorthøj, C. R., Austin, S. F., Thorup, A., Jeppesen, P., Mors, O., & Nordentoft, M. (2015). Ten-year follow-up of the OPUS specialized early intervention trial for patients with a first-episode of psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(3), 617–626. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu155Google Scholar
Smith, T., Myers, R., Sederer, L., & Berezin, J. (2016). How value-based payment arrangements should measure behavioral health. Health Affairs Blog. Retrieved from: https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20161129.057660/full/Google Scholar
Smith, T. E, & Dixon, L. B. (2020). Early intervention in psychosis: From science to services. In Goldman, H. H., Frank, R.G., & Morrissey, J. P. (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of American Mental Health Policy (pp. 297–330). Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Smith, T. E., Kurk, M., Sawhney, R., Bao, Y., Nossel, I., Cohen, D. E., & Dixon, L. B. (2019). Estimated staff time effort, costs, and Medicaid revenues for coordinated specialty care clinics serving clients with first-episode psychosis. Psychiatric Services, 70(5), 425–427.Google Scholar
Squires, D. A. (2012). Explaining high health care spending in the United States: An international comparison of supply, utilization, prices, and quality. Issue brief (Commonwealth Fund), 10, 1–14.Google Scholar
Srihari, V. H., Shah, J., & Keshavan, M. S. (2012). Is early intervention for psychosis feasible and effective? Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 35(3), 613–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2012.06.004Google Scholar
Srihari, V. H., Tek, C., Kucukgoncu, S., Phutane, V. H., Breitborde, N. J., Pollard, J., … & Woods, S. W. (2015). First-episode services for psychotic disorders in the US public sector: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Psychiatric Services, 66(7), 705–712.Google Scholar
Tessler, R.C., & Goldman, H. H. (1982). The Chronically Mentally Ill: Assessing Community Support Programs. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger/Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Thoegersen, M. H., Morthorst, B. R., & Nordentoft, M. (2019). Assertive community treatment versus standard treatment for severely mentally ill patients in Denmark: A quasi-experimental trial. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 73(2), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2019.1576765Google Scholar
Turner, D. T., van der Gaag, M., Karyotaki, E., & Cuijpers, P. (2014). Psychological interventions for psychosis: A meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(5), 523–538. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13081159Google Scholar
Uzenoff, S. R., Penn, D. L., Graham, K. A., Saade, S., Smith, B. B., & Perkins, D. O. (2012). Evaluation of a multi-element treatment center for early psychosis in the United States. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(10), 1607–1615.Google Scholar
Westfall, M. B., Kohler, C. G., Hurford, I., Abegunde, C., Agosti, D., Brinen, A., … Calkins, M. E. (2020). Pennsylvania coordinated specialty care programs for first‐episode psychosis: 6‐and 12‐month outcomes. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 15(5), 1395–1408.Google Scholar
Wykes, T., Huddy, V., Cellard, C., McGurk, S. R., & Czobor, P. (2011). A meta-analysis of cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: Methodology and effect sizes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(5), 472–485. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10060855Google Scholar
Yung, A. R., McGorry, P. D., Francey, S. M., Nelson, B., Baker, K., Phillips, L. J., … Amminger, G. P. (2007). PACE: A specialised service for young people at risk of psychotic disorders. The Medical Journal of Australia, 187(7 Suppl), 43–46. https://doi.org/yun10343_fm [pii]Google Scholar