Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T12:09:34.117Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 March 2020

Angela Joya
Angela Joya
Affiliation:
University of Oregon
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Roots of Revolt
A Political Economy of Egypt from Nasser to Mubarak
 , pp. 237 - 268
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdel Khalek, G. (2001). Stabilization and Adjustment in Egypt: Reform or De-Industrialization. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
Abdel Malek, A. (1968). Egypt: Military Society; the Army Regime, the Left, and Social Change under Nasser. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Abdel Razek, S. (2005, August 25). The hardest nut to crack. Al Ahram Weekly.Google Scholar
Abdel Razek, S. (2011, February 9). Living in poverty. Al Ahram Online. Retrieved from http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/Archive/2012/1084/ec1.htmGoogle Scholar
Abdelgouad, A. F. (2014). Labor Law Reforms and Labor Market Performance in Egypt. Lüneburg, Germany: University of Lüneburg Working Paper Series in Economics.Google Scholar
Abdelrahman, M. (2015). Egypt’s Long Revolution: Protest Movements and Uprisings. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Abdelrahman, M. (2017). Policing neoliberalism in Egypt: The continuing rise of the “securocratic” state. Third World Quarterly, 38(1), 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1133246Google Scholar
Abraham, G., and Bakr, A. (2000). Comprehensive Development Plan for the City of Luxor, Egypt. Cambridge, MA: ABT Associates.Google Scholar
Abu Lughod, J. L. (1971). Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. /z-wcorg/.Google Scholar
Abul-Magd, Z. (2012, February 13). The Brotherhood’s businessmen. Egypt Independent. Retrieved from www.egyptindependent.com/brotherhoods-businessmen/Google Scholar
Abul-Magd, Z. (2016). Egypt’s Adaptable Officers. In Grawert, E., and Abul-Magd, Z. (eds.), Businessmen in Arms: How the Military and Other Armed Groups Profit in the MENA Region. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 23–42.Google Scholar
Abul-Magd, Z. (2017). Militarizing the Nation: The Army, Business, and Revolution in Egypt. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Adams, R. H. (2000). Evaluating the process of development in Egypt, 1980–97. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 32(2), 255–275.Google Scholar
Adly, A. (2014, July 7). Investigating the Muslim Brotherhood Economy. Retrieved April 16, 2018, from Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy website: https://timep.org/commentary/investigating-muslim-brotherhood-economy/Google Scholar
Ahram Online. (2013, October 28). Egypt’s millionaires make up 0.04% of total adult population: Report. Ahram Online. Retrieved from http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/0/84904/Business/0/Egypts-millionaires-make-up--of-total-adult-popula.aspxGoogle Scholar
Jazeera, Al. (2008, March 12). Warning over world food shortages. Retrieved from www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2008/03/2008525133438179651.htmlGoogle Scholar
al-Shater, K. (2011, April 21). The Nahda project. Retrieved July 11, 2018, from www.hudson.org/research/9820-khairat-al-shater-on-the-nahda-project-complete-translation-Google Scholar
Alavi, H., and Shanin, T. (1982). Introduction to the Sociology of “Developing Societies.” London: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Al-Barawy, R. (1972). Economic Development in the United Arab Republic. Cairo: Anglo-Egyptian Bookshop.Google Scholar
Albrecht, H. (2013). Raging against the Machine: Political Opposition under Authoritarianism in Egypt. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Albrecht, H., and Bishara, D. (2011). Back on horseback: The military and political transformation in Egypt. Middle East Law and Governance, 3(1–2), 13–23.Google Scholar
Albrecht, H., and Schlumberger, O. (2004). “Waiting for Godot”: Regime change without democratization in the Middle East. International Political Science Review, 25(4), 371–392.Google Scholar
Alexander, A. (2010). Leadership and collective action in the Egyptian trade unions. Work, Employment and Society, 24(2), 241–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017010362144Google Scholar
Alexander, A. (2012). The Egyptian workers’ movement and the 25 January Revolution. International Socialism, 133, 101–126.Google Scholar
Alexander, A., and Bassiouny, M. (2014). Bread, Freedom, Social Justice: Workers and the Egyptian Revolution. London: Zed Books Ltd.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alonso-Gamo, P., Fedelino, A., and Horvitz, S. P. (1997). Globalization and growth prospects in Arab countries. IMF working paper WP/79/127. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.Google Scholar
American Chamber of Commerce in Egypt. (2003). The Construction Sector in Egypt: Development and Competitiveness. Cairo: Business Studies and Analysis Centre.Google Scholar
Anderson, P. (1974). Lineages of the Absolutist State. London: Verso.Google Scholar
Ansari, H. (1986). Egypt: The Stalled Society. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
AOI. (2018). Arab organization for industrialization. Retrieved August 20, 2018, from www.aoi.org.eg/index.php?lang=enGoogle Scholar
Apeldoorn, B. van. (2002). Transnational Capitalism and the Struggle over European Integration. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Arab Republic of Egypt, The. (2005). Egypt…Crossing Paths into Modernization. Cairo: The Government of Egypt.Google Scholar
Assaad, R. (2011, February 14). Demographics of Arab protests. Retrieved March 15, 2018, from the Council on Foreign Relations website: www.cfr.org/interview/demographics-arab-protestsGoogle Scholar
Assaad, R. (2014). Making sense of Arab labor markets: The enduring legacy of dualism. IZA Journal of Labor & Development, 3, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-9020-3-6Google Scholar
Assaad, R., and Krafft, C. (2015). The structure and evolution of employment in Egypt: 1998–2012. In R. Assaad and C. Krafft (eds.), The Egyptian Labor Market in an Era of Revolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 27–51.Google Scholar
Asutay, M. (2013). Islamic moral economy as the foundation of Islamic finance. In V. Cattelan (ed.), Islamic Finance in Europe: Towards a Plural Financial System. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, pp. 55–68.Google Scholar
Ates, D. (2005). Economic liberalization and changes in fundamentalism: The case of Egypt. Middle East Policy, 12(4), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4967.2005.00230.xGoogle Scholar
Aughey, A., Jones, G., and Riches, W. T. M. (1992). The Conservative Political Tradition in Britain and the United States. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press.Google Scholar
Aulas, M.-C. (1982). Sadat’s Egypt: A balance sheet. MERIP Reports, (107), 6–31. https://doi.org/10.2307/3011724Google Scholar
Ayeb, H. (2012). The marginalization of the small peasantry: Egypt and Tunisia. In Bush, R. and Ayeb, H. (eds.), Marginality and Exclusion in Egypt. London: Zed Press, pp. 72–96.Google Scholar
Ayubi, N. (1991a). Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Arab world. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ayubi, N. (1991b). The State and Public Policies in Egypt since Sadat. London: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
Ayubi, N. (1992). Withered socialism or whether socialism? The radical Arab states as populist-corporatist regimes. Third World Quarterly, 13(1), 89–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayubi, N. (1995). Over-Stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Azzam, H. T. (2002). The Arab World: Facing the Challenge of the New Millennium. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Baffes, J. (2004). Cotton: Market Setting, Trade Policies, and Issues. In Aksoy, M. Ataman and Beghin, John C. (eds.), Global Agricultural Trade and Developing Countries, Washington, DC: The World Bank, pp. 259–274.Google Scholar
Bargawi, H., and McKinley, T. (2010). The ADCR 2011: The Poverty Impact of Growth and Employment in Egypt (1990–2009). New York: UNDP.Google Scholar
Batatu, H. (1978). The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq: A Study of Iraq’s Old Landed and Commercial Classes and of Its Communists, Baʻthists, and Free Officers. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Batatu, H. (1999). Syria’s Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bayad, M. (1979). Housing and Urban Development in Egypt. Copenhagen, Denmark: The Royal Danish Academy of Art, School of Architecture.Google Scholar
Bayat, A. (2006). The Political Economy of Social Policy in Egypt: Social Policy in the Middle East. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Bayat, A. (2013). Life as Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East, 2nd edn. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Bayat, A. (2017). Revolution without Revolutionaries: Making Sense of the Arab Spring. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Beach, W., and O’Driscoll, G. (2003). The Role of Property Rights in Economic Growth: An Introduction to the 2003 Index. Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation.Google Scholar
Beinin, J. (1989). Labor, capital, and the state in Nasserist Egypt, 1952–1961. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 21(1), 71–90.Google Scholar
Beinin, J. (2001). Workers and Peasants in the Modern Middle East. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Beinin, J. (2005). Political Islam and the new global economy: The political economy of an Egyptian social movement. CR: The New Centennial Review, 5(1), 111–139.Google Scholar
Beinin, J. (2009a). Workers’ protest in Egypt: Neo-liberalism and class struggle in 21st century. Social Movement Studies, 8(4), 449–454.Google Scholar
Beinin, J. (2009b). Workers’ struggles under “socialism” and neoliberalism. In El-Mahdi, R. and Marfleet, P. (eds.), Egypt: The Moment of Change. London: Zed Books, pp. 68–86.Google Scholar
Beinin, J. (2016a). Workers and Thieves: Labor Movements and Popular Uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Beinin, J. (2016b). Workers and Thieves: Labor Movements and Popular Uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Beinin, J., and Lockman, Z. (1987). Workers on the Nile: Nationalism, Communism, Islam, and the Egyptian Working Class, 1882–1954. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ben Nefissa, S. (1995). Les ligues régionales et les associations islamiques en Égypte: deux formes de regroupements à vocation sociale et caritative. Revue Tiers Monde, 36(141), 163–177. https://doi.org/10.3406/tiers.1995.4951Google Scholar
Berberoglu, B. (1987). The Internationalization of Capital: Imperialism and Capitalist Development on a World Scale. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Berberoglu, B. (2003). Globalization of Capital and the Nation-State: Imperialism, Class Struggle. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Bernstein, H. (2010). Class Dynamics of Agrarian Change. Sterling, VA: Kumarian Press.Google Scholar
Bianchi, R. (1985). Businessmen’s Associations in Egypt and Turkey. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 482, 147–159.Google Scholar
Bianchi, R. (1986). The corporatization of the Egyptian labor movement. Middle East Journal, 40(3), 429–444.Google Scholar
Bianchi, R. (1989). Unruly Corporatism: Associational Life in Twentieth-Century Egypt. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Blaydes, L. (2006). Who Votes in Authoritarian Elections and Why? Determinants of Voter Turnout in Contemporary Egypt. Presented at the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Blumberg, A. (2011). Egypt’s Military, Inc. All Things Considered. Retrieved from www.npr.org/sections/money/2011/02/10/133501837/why-egypts-military-cares-about-home-appliancesGoogle Scholar
Boas, M., and McNeill, D. (2004). Global Institutions and Development: Framing the World? London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Breman, J., and Linden, M. (2014). Informalizing the economy: The return of the social question at a global level. Development and Change, 45(5), 920–940.Google Scholar
Bromley, S. (1994). Rethinking Middle East Politics. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Bromley, S., and Bush, R. (1994). Adjustment in Egypt? The political economy of reform. Review of African Political Economy, 21(60), 201–213.Google Scholar
Bruff, I. (2014). The rise of authoritarian neoliberalism. Rethinking Marxism, 26(1), 113–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/08935696.2013.843250Google Scholar
Bruff, I. (2016). Neoliberalism and authoritarianism. In S. Springer, K. Birch, and J. MacLeavy (eds.), Handbook of Neoliberalism. New York: Routledge, pp. 107–117.Google Scholar
Bryceson, D. (2000). African peasants’ centrality and marginality: Rural labour transformations. In Bryceson, D., Kay, C., and Mooij, J. (eds.), Disappearing Peasantries? Rural Labour in Africa, Asia and Latin America. London: Intermediate Technology Publications, pp. 37–63.Google Scholar
Bush, R. (1999). Economic Crisis and the Politics of Reform in Egypt. Oxford: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Bush, R. (2000). An agricultural strategy without farmers: Egypt’s countryside in the new millennium. Review of African Political Economy, 27(84), 235–249.Google Scholar
Bush, R. (ed.). (2002). Counter-Revolution in Egypt’s Countryside: Land and Farmers in the Era of Economic Reform. London: Zed Press.Google Scholar
Bush, R. (2009). The land and the people. In El-Mahdi, R. and Marfleet, P. (eds.), Egypt: The Moment of Change. London: Zed Books, pp. 51–67.Google Scholar
Bush, R. (2011). Coalitions for dispossession and networks of resistance? Land, politics and agrarian reform in Egypt. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 38(3), 391–405.Google Scholar
Bush, R. (2016). Uprisings without Agrarian Questions. In A. Kadri (ed.), Development Challenges and Solutions after the Arab Spring. New York: Springer, pp. 153–172.Google Scholar
Cahill, D. (2014). The End of Laissez-Faire? On the Durability of Embedded Neoliberalism. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar
Calvert, J. (2009). Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cambanis, T. (2010, September 11). Succession Gives Army a Stiff Test in Egypt. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2010/09/12/world/middleeast/12egypt.htmlGoogle Scholar
Cammack, P. (1989). Bringing the state back in? British Journal of Political Science, 19(2), 261–290.Google Scholar
Cammack, P. (1990). Statism, new institutionalism, and Marxism. Socialist Register: The Retreat of the Intellectuals, 26(26). Retrieved from http://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/download/5578Google Scholar
Cammack, P. (2004). What the World Bank means by poverty reduction, and why it matters. New Political Economy, 9(2), 189–211.Google Scholar
CAPMAS. (2018a). Annual employment rate. Retrieved September 12, 2018, from www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/IndicatorsPage.aspx?page_id=6149&ind_id=1116Google Scholar
CAPMAS. (2018b). Average wages. Retrieved September 12, 2018, from www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/IndicatorsPage.aspx?page_id=6149&ind_id=1116Google Scholar
Castel, R. (2003). From Manual Workers to Wage Laborers: Transformation of the Social Question. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Central Bank of Egypt. (2018). Investments. Retrieved September 9, 2018, from www.cbe.org.eg/en/EconomicResearch/Statistics/Pages/TimeSeries.aspxGoogle Scholar
Cerny, P. G. (1997). Paradoxes of the competition state: The dynamics of political globalization. Government and Opposition, 32(2), 251–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00161.xGoogle Scholar
Chaudhry, K. A. (1994). Economic liberalization and the lineages of the rentier state. Comparative Politics, 27(1), 1–25.Google Scholar
Chesnais, F. (2016). Finance Capital Today: Corporations and Banks in the Lasting Global Slump. Leiden, the Netherland: Brill.Google Scholar
CIA. (1987). The Egyptian military: Its role and missions under Mubarak. Retrieved from Central Intelligence Agency website: www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88t00096r000700820001-5Google Scholar
Clarke, S. (1978). Capital, fractions of capital and the state: “Neo-Marxist” analysis of the South African state. Capital & Class, 2(2), 32–77.Google Scholar
Cook, S. A. (2007). Ruling but Not Governing: The Military and Political Development in Egypt, Algeria, and Turkey. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, M. N. (1982). The Transformation of Egypt. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Suisse, Credit. (2010). Global wealth databook 2010. Retrieved from Credit Suisse website: www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/research/research-institute/global-wealth-report.htmlGoogle Scholar
Suisse, Credit. (2017). Global wealth databook 2017. Retrieved from Credit Suisse website: www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/research/research-institute/global-wealth-report.htmlGoogle Scholar
Crouch, C. (2004). Post-Democracy. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Dabbah, M. M. (2010). International and Comparative Competition Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, R. A. (1961). Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, R. A. (1973). Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Dalacoura, K. (2016). Islamism and neoliberalism in the aftermath of the 2011 Arab uprisings: The Freedom and Justice Party in Egypt and Nahda in Tunisia. In E. Akcali (ed.), Neoliberal Governmentality and the Future of the State in the Middle East and North Africa. New York: Springer, pp. 61–83.Google Scholar
De Smet, B. (2016). Gramsci on Tahrir: Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Egypt. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
De Soto, H. (2000). The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
De Soto, H. (2001). Dead capital and the poor. SAIS Review, 21(1), 13–43. https://doi.org/10.1353/sais.2001.0011Google Scholar
Demmelhuber, T. (2011). Economic reform and authoritarianism in Egypt: Politics, power and patronage. In J. Harrigan and H. El Said (eds.), Globalisation, Democratisation and Radicalisation in the Arab World. New York: Springer, pp. 145–161.Google Scholar
Denis, E. (2006). Cairo as neo-liberal capital? From walled city to gated communities. In Singerman, D. and Amar, P. (eds.), Cairo Cosmopolitan: Politics, Culture, and Urban Space in the New Globalized Middle East. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.Google Scholar
Diab, O. (2016a, May 23). Egypt’s widening wealth gap. Retrieved May 25, 2018, from Mada Masr website: www.madamasr.com/en/2016/05/23/feature/economy/egypts-widening-wealth-gap/Google Scholar
Diab, O. (2016b, October 20). How every dollar became $12,000 in less than a decade for Gamal Mubarak. Mada Masr. Retrieved from www.madamasr.com/en/2016/10/20/feature/economy/how-every-dollar-became-12000-in-less-than-a-decade-for-gamal-mubarak/Google Scholar
Diamond, L. (1997). Is the Third Wave of Democratization Over? An Empirical Assessment. Notre Dame, IN: Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies.Google Scholar
Droz-Vincent, P. (2009). The security sector in Egypt: Management, coercion and external alliance under the dynamics of change. In Guazzone, L., and Pioppi, D. (eds.), The Arab State and Neo-Liberal Globalization. The Restructuring of State Power in the Middle East. Ithaca, NY: Ithaca Press, pp. 219–246.Google Scholar
Duboc, M. (2015). Challenging the trade union, reclaiming the nation: The politics of labor protest in Egypt, 2006–11. In M. Kamrava (ed.), Beyond the Arab Spring: The Evolving Ruling Bargain in the Middle East. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 223–248.Google Scholar
Economist. (2004). Breathing Life into Dead Capital: Why Secure Property Rights Matter.Google Scholar
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). (1988). Egypt: Country Profile, 1989/90. London: The Economist Group.Google Scholar
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). (1997). Egypt: Country Profile, 1997–1998. London: The Economist Group.Google Scholar
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). (2006). Country Profile: Egypt. London: The Economist Group.Google Scholar
Egypt. (2005). Trade Policy Review. Geneva: World Trade Organization.Google Scholar
Egyptian Stock Exchange. (2007). Stock market annual report 2007. Retrieved from www.egx.com.eg/English/Services_Reports.aspxGoogle Scholar
Ehab, M. (2012). Labor Market Flexibility in Egypt: With Application to the Textiles and Apparel Industry (Working Paper 170). Cairo: Egyptian Centre for Economic Studies.Google Scholar
El Madany, S. (2009, January). No Monopoly in Egypt’s Steel Sector, Says ECA. Cairo: Egyptian Media Services Ltd.Google Scholar
El Nour, S. (2015). Small farmers and the revolution in Egypt: The forgotten actors. Contemporary Arab Affairs, 8(2), 198–211.Google Scholar
El-Shatir, K. (2005, November 23). Khairat el-Shatir: No need to be afraid of us. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/world/2005/nov/23/comment.mainsectionGoogle Scholar
El Shazly, A. (2001, January). Incentive Based Regulation and Bank Restructuring in Egypt. Presented at the Annual Conference of the Middle East Economic Association, Cairo.Google Scholar
El Tarouty, S. (2016). Businessmen, Clientelism, and Authoritarianism in Egypt. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
El-Erian, M. A., and Sheybani, S. (1997). Private capital flows in the development of the Arab countries. Cairo Papers in Social Sciences, 11–34.Google Scholar
El-Gawhary, K. (1997). Nothing more to lose. Landowners, tenants and economic liberalization in Egypt. Middle East Report, 7–9.Google Scholar
El-Ghobashy, M. (2005). The metamorphosis of the Egyptian Muslim brothers. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 37(3), 373–395.Google Scholar
El-Ghonemy, R. M. (2003). Development Strategies, 1950–2001. In El-Ghonemy, R. M. (ed.), Egypt in the Twenty First Century: Challenges for Development. London: Routledge, pp. 73–110.Google Scholar
El-Hefnaway, A. I. K. (2004). Protecting’ Agricultural Land from Urbanization Or “Managing” the Conflict between Informal Urban Growth while Meeting the Demands of Communities. Cairo, Egypt: Ministry of Housing Utilities and Urban Communities.Google Scholar
El-Karanshawi, S. (2011, March 23). Alaa Mubarak owns over LE 49 million worth of shares in Palm Hills. Al Masry Al Youm.Google Scholar
El-Laithy, H., Lokshin, M., and Banerji, A. (2003). Poverty and economic growth in Egypt, 1995–2000 (No. WPS3068; p. 1). Retrieved from the World Bank website: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/846511468746774719/Poverty-and-economic-growth-in-Egypt-1995-2000Google Scholar
Elliot, L., and Stewart, H. (2017, October 11). IMF: Higher taxes for rich will cut inequality without hitting growth. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/business/2017/oct/11/imf-higher-taxes-rich-inequality-jeremy-corbyn-labour-donald-trumpGoogle Scholar
Enders, K. (2008, February 13). IMF Survey: Egypt: Reforms Trigger Economic Growth. Retrieved August 13, 2018, from the IMF website: www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/socar021308aGoogle Scholar
England, A. (2007). TMG prices largest IPO in Egypt this year. Financial Times, November 16. Retrieved from www.ft.com/content/d347bea2-945c-11dc-9aaf-0000779fd2acGoogle Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (1976). Modes of class struggle and the capitalist state. Kapitalistate, 4 /5, 186–220.Google Scholar
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Esposito, J. L. (1983). Voices of Resurgent Islam. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Esterman, I. (2015, June 10). A fight over land rights shaped by wars, an uprising and power politics. Mada Masr. Retrieved from www.madamasr.com/en/2015/06/10/feature/politics/a-fight-over-land-rights-shaped-by-wars-an-uprising-and-power-politics/Google Scholar
Euben, R. L. (1999). Enemy in the Mirror: Islamic Fundamentalism and the Limits of Modern Rationalism: A Work of Comparative Political Theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Evans, B., Rueschemeyer, D., and Skocpol, T. (eds.). (1985). Bringing the State Back in: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fahmi, M. (2001, January 4). Panacea or nostrum? Al-Ahram Weekly. Retrieved from http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/archive/2001/515/ec2.htmGoogle Scholar
Fahmy, N. (2002). The Politics of Egypt: State-Society Relationship. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fandy, M. (1994). Egypt’s Islamic Group: Regional revenge? Middle East Journal, 48(4), 607–625.Google Scholar
FAOSTAT. (2018). Food and agriculture data. Retrieved from www.fao.org/faostat/en/#homeGoogle Scholar
Farah, N. R. (2009). Egypt’s Political Economy: Power Relations in Development. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.Google Scholar
Farsoun, S. K. (1997). Class structure and social change in the Arab World. In Hopkins, N. S. and Ibrahim, S. E. (eds.), Arab Society: Class, Gender, Power, and Development. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, pp. 11–28.Google Scholar
Farsoun, S. K., and Zacharia, C. (1995). Class, economic change, and political liberalization in the Arab World. In Brynen, R., Korany, B., and Noble, P. (eds.), Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World (Vol. 1). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 261–282.Google Scholar
Fathi, Y. (2005, April). When the strangers came to town. Al-Ahram Weekly. Retrieved from http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/Archive/2005/739/eg7.htmGoogle Scholar
Fergany, N. (1998). The Challenges of Human Development in the Arab World. Cairo: Cairo Papers in Social Science.Google Scholar
Feteha, A. (2012, April 3). Muslims Inc: How rich is Khairat El-Shater? Ahram Online. Retrieved from http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/38278.aspxGoogle Scholar
Forte, D. F. (1978). Egyptian land law: An evaluation. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 26(2), 273–278. https://doi.org/10.2307/839674Google Scholar
Fukuyama, F. (1993). The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Gamble, A. (1988). The Free Economy and the Strong State: The Politics of Thatcherism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Gamble, A. (2009). The Spectre at the Feast: Capitalist Crisis and the Politics of Recession. New York: Macmillan International Higher Education.Google Scholar
Gerges, F. (2012). The new capitalists: Islamists’ political economy. Retrieved March 6, 2018, from the Open Democracy website: www.opendemocracy.net/fawaz-gerges/new-capitalists-islamists-political-economyGoogle Scholar
Gerges, F. (ed.). (2015). Contentious Politics in the Middle East: Popular Resistance and Marginalized Activism beyond the Arab Uprisings. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Gerschenkron, A. (1962). Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective: A Book of Essays. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gill, S. (1992). The emerging world order and European change. Socialist Register, 28(28). Retrieved from www.socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/download/5613Google Scholar
Giugale, M. (1993). The rationale for structural adjustment. Cairo Papers in Social Science, The Economic And Politics of Structural Adjustment in Egypt: Third Annual Symposium, 16(3).Google Scholar
GOE. (2018). State Information Service. Retrieved August 20, 2018, from the Government of Egypt State Information Service website: www.sis.gov.eg/Story/99743?lang=en-usGoogle Scholar
Golia, M. (2011, April 5). Egypt’s forgotten fellahin. Egypt Independent. Retrieved from www.egyptindependent.com/egypts-forgotten-fellahin/Google Scholar
Görmüs, E. (2016). The economic ideology of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood: The changing discourses and practices. Journal of Emerging Economies & Islamic Research, 4(3), pp. 60–74.Google Scholar
Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. New York: International Publishers.Google Scholar
Grawert, E. (2016). Introduction: The political economy of the military and non-state armed groups in the Middle East and North Africa. In Grawert, E. and Abul-Magd, Z. (eds.), Businessmen in Arms: How the Military and Other Armed Groups Profit in the MENA Region. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 1–22.Google Scholar
Gumuscu, S. (2010). Class, status, and party: The changing face of political Islam in Turkey and Egypt. Comparative Political Studies, 43(7), 835–861.Google Scholar
Halawa, O. (2012, September 5). Profile: The Arab Organization for Industrialization. Egypt Independent. Retrieved from www.egyptindependent.com/profile-arab-organization-industrialization/Google Scholar
Halliday, F. (2013). Arabia without Sultans. London: Saqi.Google Scholar
Halperin, S. (1997). In the Mirror of the Third World: Capitalist Development in Modern Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Halperin, S. (2004). War and Social Change in Modern Europe: The Great Transformation Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hamzawy, A. (2007). Egypt: Regression in the Muslim Brotherhood’s Party platform? Arab Reform Bulletin, 5.Google Scholar
Hanieh, A. (2011). Capitalism and Class in the Gulf Arab States. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.Google Scholar
Hanieh, A. (2013). Lineages of Revolt: Issues of Contemporary Capitalism in the Middle East. Chicago: Haymarket Books.Google Scholar
Hanna, M. (1985). Real estate rights in urban Egypt: The changing sociopolitical winds. In Mayer, A. E. (ed.), Property, Social Structure and Law in the Modern Middle East. Albany: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Harb, I. (2003). The Egyptian military in politics: Disengagement or accommodation? Middle East Journal, 57(2), pp. 269–290.Google Scholar
Harik, I. (1992). Privatization: The Issue, the Prospects, and the Fears. In I. Harik and D. J. Sullivan (eds.), Privatization and Liberalization in the Middle East. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 1–23.Google Scholar
Harik, I. (1998). Economic Policy Reform in Egypt. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.Google Scholar
Harrington, J. (1992). Harrington: “The Commonwealth of Oceana” and “A System of Politics.” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Harvey, D. (1982). The Limits to Capital. New York: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Harvey, D. (1992). The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Harvey, D. (2003). The New Imperialism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Hasan, S. S. (2003). Christians versus Muslims in Modern Egypt: The Century-Long Struggle for Coptic Equality. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hassan, M., and Kandil, M. (2011). The Relation between Public and Private Employment in Egypt: Evidence and Implications. Cairo: Egyptian Center for Economic Studies.Google Scholar
Hayek, F. A. (2014). The Constitution of Liberty. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Henry, C., and Springborg, R. (2001). Globalization and the Politics of Development in the Middle East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Heydemann, S. (2004). Networks of Privilege in the Middle East: The Politics of Economic Reform Revisited. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Hill, E. (1999). The Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt: Al-Mahkama Al-Dusturiyya Al-Ulya. In Kennedy, M. C. (ed.), Twenty Years of Development in Egypt (1977–1997): Part 2. (Vol. 21). Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, R. (2014). Towards a historical sociology of the Arab Uprising. Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring: Rethinking Democratization. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. J. (1971). Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movement in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. J., and Rude, G. (1969). Captain Swing. Brooklyn, NY: Verso Books.Google Scholar
Holding Company for Maritime and Land Transport (HCMLT). (2018). Ownership structure. Retrieved August 10, 2018, from www.hcmlt.com/e_mysite/e_ownstr.htmGoogle Scholar
Hopwood, D. (1982). Egypt: Politics and Society. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Howeidy, A. (2012, March 29). Meet the Brotherhood’s enforcer: Khairat El-Shater. Ahram Online. Retrieved from http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/37993/Egypt/Politics-/Meet-the-Brotherhood%E2%80%99s-enforcer-Khairat-ElShater.aspxGoogle Scholar
Hubbard, B. (2018, October 19). Military reasserts its allegiance to its privileges. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/world/middleeast/Egyptian-military-reasserts-its-allegiance-to-its-privileges.htmlGoogle Scholar
Huntington, S. (1968). Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Huntington, S. (1991). Democracy’s third wave. Journal of Democracy, 2(2), 12–12. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1991.0016Google Scholar
Hyman, R., and Elger, T. (1981). Job controls, the employers’ offensive and alternative strategies. Capital and Class, 15(4), 115–149.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, F., and Ibrahim, B. (2003). Egypt: An Economic Geography. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, S. E. (1994). Egypt’s Landed Bourgeoisie. In Oncu, A., Keyder, C. and Ibrahim, S. E. (eds.), Developmentalism and Beyond: Society and Politics in Egypt and Turkey. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, pp. 19–43.Google Scholar
Ikhwan, . (2007a, June 13). The Muslim Brotherhood’s Program 2005 election. Retrieved July 9, 2018, from the Ikhwanweb website: www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=811Google Scholar
Ikhwan, . (2007b, June 14). The Electoral Programme of the Muslim Brotherhood for Shura Council in 2007 – Ikhwanweb. Retrieved July 9, 2018, from the Ikhwanweb website: www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=822Google Scholar
Ikram, K. (2006). The Egyptian Economy, 1952–2000: Performance, Policies and Issues. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
International Labor Organization (ILO). (2010). Global Wage Report. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO.Google Scholar
ILO. (2018a). Informal employment and informal sector as a percent of employment. Retrieved from the International Labor Organization website: www.ilostat.orgGoogle Scholar
ILO. (2018b). Informal employment and informal sector as a percent of employment by sex -- Harmonized series (%). Retrieved from the International Labor Organization website: www.ilo.org/ilostatGoogle Scholar
ILO. (2018c). Public employment by sectors and sub-sectors of national accounts. Retrieved from the International Labor Organization website: www.ilo.org/ilostatGoogle Scholar
ILO. (2018d). Trade union density rate. Retrieved from the ILO website: www.ilostat.orgGoogle Scholar
ILOSTAT. (2018a). Days not worked due to strikes and lockouts by economic activity. Retrieved September 12, 2018, from www.ilo.org/ilostatGoogle Scholar
ILOSTAT. (2018b). Legal health coverage deficit by rural/urban areas (% of population without legal coverage). Retrieved September 12, 2018, from www.ilo.org/ilostatGoogle Scholar
ILOSTAT. (2018c). Number of strikes and lockouts by economic activity. Retrieved September 12, 2018, from www.ilo.org/ilostatGoogle Scholar
ILOSTAT. (2018d). Share of youth not in employment, education or training (NEET) by sex. Retrieved September 12, 2018, from www.ilo.org/ilostatGoogle Scholar
ILOSTAT. (2018e). Unemployment rate by sex and age (%). Retrieved from the ILO website: www.ilostat.orgGoogle Scholar
ILOSTAT. (2018f). Workers involved in strikes and lockouts by economic activity (Thousands). Retrieved September 12, 2018, from www.ilo.org/ilostatGoogle Scholar
IMF. (1991a, October 2,). Concluding remarks by the acting chairman–Military Expenditure and the role of the fund, executive board meeting 91/138. Retrieved from the International Monetary Fund website: www.imf.org/external/SelectedDecisions/Description.aspx?decision=EBM/91/138Google Scholar
IMF. (1991b). International Monetary Fund Annual Report 1991 (p. 207). Retrieved from www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ar/archive/pdf/ar1991.pdfGoogle Scholar
IMF. (2007). Arab Republic of Egypt: 2007 Article IV Consultation: Staff report; staff statement; public information notice on the executive board discussion; and statement by the Executive Director for the Arab Republic of Egypt. Retrieved from the International Monetary Fund website: www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2016/12/31/Arab-Republic-of-Egypt-2007-Article-IV-Consultation-Staff-Report-Staff-Statement-Public-21507Google Scholar
International Business Publications. (2013). Egypt labor laws and regulations handbook: Volume 1 strategic information and basic laws. Retrieved from Lulu.comGoogle Scholar
Ismail, S. (2006). Rethinking Islamist Politics: Culture, the State and Islamism. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Issawi, C. (1963). Egypt in Revolution. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Janowitz, M. (1977). Military Institutions and Coercion in the Developing Nations: The Military in the Political Development of New Nations, expanded edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Janowitz, M. (1988). Military Institutions and Coercion in the Developing Nations: The Military in the Political Development of New Nations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jaraba, M. (2014, May 14). The Egyptian military’s economic channels of influence. Retrieved July 2, 2018, from the Middle East Institute website: www.mei.edu/content/map/egyptian-military%E2%80%99s-informal-channels-influenceGoogle Scholar
Jehl, D. (1997, November 18). 70 die in attack at Egypt Temple. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/1997/11/18/world/70-die-in-attack-at-egypt-temple.htmlGoogle Scholar
Johnson, P. (1973). Retreat of the revolution in Egypt. MERIP Reports, (17), 3–6. https://doi.org/10.2307/3011502Google Scholar
Johnston, C. (2008, April 6). In Egypt, long queues for bread that’s almost free. Reuters. Retrieved from www.reuters.com/article/us-agflation-subsidies/in-egypt-long-queues-for-bread-thats-almost-free-idUSL0404033220080406Google Scholar
Jones, T. C. (2011). Desert Kingdom. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Joya, A. (2008). Egyptian protests: Falling wages, high prices and the failure of an export-oriented economy. Bullet, 2.Google Scholar
Joya, A. (2013). Accumulation by Dispossession and the Transformation of Property Relations in Egypt: Housing Policy Under Neoliberalism. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: York University.Google Scholar
Joya, A. (2017). Neoliberalism, the state and economic policy outcomes in the post-Arab uprisings: The case of Egypt. Mediterranean Politics, 22(3), 339–361.Google Scholar
Joya, A. (2018). The military and the state in Egypt: class formation in the post-Arab uprisings. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, DOI: 10.1080/13530194.2018.1509692.Google Scholar
Kamil, J. (2008, November 6). The development plan for Luxor. Al Ahram Weekly.Google Scholar
Kandil, H. (2012). Soldiers, Spies, and Statesmen: Egypt’s Road to Revolt. Brooklyn, NY: Verso Books.Google Scholar
Karshenas, M. (1994). Structural adjustment and employment in the Middle East and North Africa. Working Paper Series/Economic Research Forum; 9420. Cairo: Economic Research Forum.Google Scholar
Kay, C. (2000). Latin America’s agrarian transformation: Peasantization and proletarianization. Disappearing Peasantries, 123–138.Google Scholar
Kechichian, J., and Nazimek, J. (1997). Challenges to the military in Egypt. Retrieved July 2, 2018, from the Middle East Policy Council website: www.mepc.org/challenges-military-egyptGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, G. (2008). Diggers, Levellers, and Agrarian Capitalism: Radical Political Thought in Seventeenth Century England. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Kepel, G. (1985). Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and Pharaoh. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Kepel, G., and Richard, Y. (1990). Intellectuels et militants de l’Islam contemporain. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Kesselman, M. (ed.). (1992). European Politics in Transition, 2nd edn. Lexington, MA: DCHeath.Google Scholar
Kheir-El-Din, H., and El-Laithy, H. (2006). An assessment of growth, distribution, and poverty in Egypt: 1990/91-2004/05. Retrieved from www.eces.org.eg/Publication.aspx?Id=45Google Scholar
Kienle, E. (1998). More than a response to Islamism: The political deliberalization of Egypt in the 1990s. Middle East Journal, 219–235.Google Scholar
King, S. J. (2003). Liberalization against Democracy: The Local Politics of Economic Reform in Tunisia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
King, S. J. (2009). The New Authoritarianism in the Middle East and North Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Kohut, A., Wike, R., and Horowitz, J. M. (2011). Egyptians Embrace Revolt Leaders, Religious Parties and Military, As Well. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, p. 38.Google Scholar
Kourgiotis, P. (2018). Understanding Egyptian capitalism through the Muslim Brotherhood’s eyes: The quest for an “Islamic economy” in the 1940s and its ideological and social impact. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 45(3), 464–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2017.1320973Google Scholar
La Monica, P. (2013, October 1). You’re fired. Stock rises. Wall Street loves layoffs - The Buzz - Investment and Stock Market News. Retrieved April 15, 2018, from the CNNMoney website: http://buzz.money.cnn.com/2013/10/01/layoffs-stocks/Google Scholar
Langot, F., and Yassin, S. (2015). Reforming employment protection in Egypt: An evaluation based on transition models with measurement errors. Economic Research Forum Working Paper Series No, 918.Google Scholar
Law 12/2003., Pub. L. No. 12/2003 (2003).Google Scholar
LCHR. (2003). Development and Agricultural Credit Bank: Between Corruption and Policies of Abusing of Poor Farmers (No. 19). Cairo: Land Center for Human Rights.Google Scholar
LCHR. (2004a). Land Center for Human Rights asks the general prosecutor to stop violations committed by some officials against farmers in Damytta province. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/04-43.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2004b). Nazlet El Ashtar farmers demand the minister of agriculture to protect their right in safe agrarian possession. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/04-27.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2004c). The conditions of human rights in Egypt during the last ten years (No. 33). Retrieved from www.lchr-eg.org/archive/indexe.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2004d). The Land Center requests the officials to stop the eviction of Basune farmers from their homes. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/04-30.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2005a). Farmers and the election in Qena: Qena is afflicted … beautification and hunger. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/05-63.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2005b). Farmers of Sarando village: Help us from the tyranny of Damanhour police station. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/05-1.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2005c). Freedom and safety for all farmers in Sarando. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/05-20.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2005d). LCHR demands the Officials, To stop evicting Borg El Arab farmers from their lands and threatening them with eviction and imprisonment. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/05-26.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2005e). “Sarando” a flower in the heart of the Egyptian countryside Could the general prosecutor and the minister of agriculture help its’ lands and farmers. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/05-2.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2005f). Who will protect farmers rights in Egypt? After the decrease of the prices of cotton “white gold,” the collapse of farmers incomes and the deterioration of the textile industry. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/05-47.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2005g). Your Excellencies Mr. Minister of the Interior and Mr. Prosecutor General “Stop the violence against peasants.” Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/05-10.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2006a). Do employees of the Ministry of Endowments Own the lands managed by this ministry so they can evict farmers for the benefit of ownership claimers? Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/06-26.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2006b). LCHR demands the officials to protect agrarian lands and farmers’ rights in Egypt. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/06-3.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2006c). Security forces violate farmers’ rights by transferring them to the State Security Prospector under the Emergency Law. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/06-32.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2007a). A letter from the farmers to the Prime Minister: Who will stop our displacement in the governorate of Sohag? Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/07-43e.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2007b). A L=letter to the President of the Republic: The story of farmers who have no more way to Go!! What are they going to do in front of imprisonment, poverty, and lack of security?!! Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/07-19.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2007c). Farmers of Ezbet Ahmed Rashed demand their right to safe housing. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/07-7.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2007d). LCHR asks for an independent and free union that defends farmers’ rights. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/07-8.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2007e). Mr. Prime Minister Sohag Airport could be established on desert and fallow land… So why establish it on the lands of the farmers? Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/07-25.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2007f). Mr. Prime Minister, the safety of the people an the protection of their land in Egypt is more important than constructing tourist establishments and trading in their properties on the grounds of public utility!!! Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/07-28.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2007g). The Governor of El Wadi El Gedid to The farmers after they reclaimed the land: You have no place in the Governorate…so who will protect their rights!! Retrieved from www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/07-42e.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2007h). The white gold is the symbol of grief in the Egyptian countryside, cotton harvest seasons, seasons of ruined homes, the cotton that is in the homes and fields, who will buy it? Retrieved from www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/07-39e.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2008a). In West Tahta no life for farmers….intentional neglect from the authorities cause further impoverishment of farmers!! Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/08-30.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2008b). Mr. Minister of Irrigation, did you know that the trespassing on the lands of citizens surrounding the villages of Almnashi and Wardan is Giza Governorate is for the benefit of “Hathor Land.” Retrieved from www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/08-6.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2008c). Mr. President of the Egyptian government farmers on the Dom island eat tree leafs. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/08-19.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2008d). Who protects the residents of Ezbet Khairi from the tyranny of property claimers? Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/08-23.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2009a). Does this Corruption and prejudice have an end? The story of selling the remains of the Egyptian land and wealth. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/09-47.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2009b). Governmental authorities violate the rights of farmers: A new, old, and continuous story. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/09-9.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2009c). Is this the way of developing the countryside? Villagers were intimidated to abandon their agriculture lands power. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/09-49.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2009d). On the Occasion of Holding International Conferences to Treat the Effects of the Economic Crisis: The Impossible Development in the Egyptian Countryside. Retrieved from Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/09-32.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2009e). Sabera El Masreya between the anvil of bullying and the hammer of neglect. Retrieved from www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/09-21.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2009f). The use of fraud, imprisonment and detention to force farmers to leave their land, so as to be seized by authorities and people in power. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/09-48.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2009g). The World Bank and the Egyptian Government in before the Egyptian Judiciary because of violating the rights of farmers in the delta. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/09-33.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2010a). Corruption has been rampant in the country: Destruction and burning of crops and lands without any legal reason. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/10-26.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2010b). Stealing the lands of farmers fraudulently, without compensation. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/10-32.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2010c). The series of acquisition of the farmers’ agricultural lands continues. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/10-4.htmGoogle Scholar
LCHR. (2010d). Underground metro steals the lands of farmers. Retrieved from the Land Center for Human Rights website: www.lchr-eg.org/archive/112/10-10.htmGoogle Scholar
Lee, E., and Weinthal, B. (2011, February 10). Trade unions: The revolutionary social network at play in Egypt and Tunisia. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/10/trade-unions-egypt-tunisiaGoogle Scholar
Leiken, R. S., and Brooke, S. (2007). The moderate Muslim brotherhood. Foreign Affairs, 107–121.Google Scholar
Levinson, C., and Bradley, M. (2013, July 19). In Egypt, the “deep state” rises again. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324425204578601700051224658Google Scholar
Lipietz, A. (1987). Mirages and Miracles: The Crisis in Global Fordism. Brooklyn, NY: Verso Books.Google Scholar
Loza, P. (2004, March 4). The not-so real estate market. Al Ahram Weekly.Google Scholar
Loza, P. (2005, December). Laden claims. Retrieved from http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/Archive/2005/773/feature.htmGoogle Scholar
Luciani, G. (1994). The oil rent, the fiscal crisis of the state and democratization. In Salamé, Ghassan (ed.), Democracy without Democrats? The Renewal of Politics in the Muslim World. New York: I. B. Tauris & Co., pp. 130–155.Google Scholar
Lust, E. (2009). Competitive clientelism in the Middle East. Journal of Democracy, 20(3), 122–135. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.0.0099Google Scholar
Lynch, M. (2014). The Arab Uprisings Explained: New Contentious Politics in the Middle East. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Macpherson, C. B. C. B. (1964). The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Malik, A. (2011, October 13). The economics of the Arab Spring. Retrieved from www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/10/20111010142425419849.htmlGoogle Scholar
Mandour, M. (2016, February 27). The revolution and rural Egypt: A lost opportunity? Retrieved July 9, 2018, from the openDemocracy website: www.opendemocracy.net/north-africa-west-asia/maged-mandour/the-revolution-and-rural-egypt-lost-opportunityGoogle Scholar
Marx, K. (1964). Pre-capitalist Economic Formations. New York: International Publishers.Google Scholar
Marx, K. (1973). Surveys from Exile: Political Writings. London: Penguin Books, Limited.Google Scholar
Marx, K. (1976). Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. London: Penguin Books, Limited.Google Scholar
Marx, K., and Engels, F. (1967). The Communist Manifesto. London: Penguin Books, Limited.Google Scholar
Maskus, K. E., and Konan, D. E. (1997). Trade liberalization in Egypt. Review of Development Economics, 1(3), 275–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9361.00019Google Scholar
Mason, P. (2012). Why It’s Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions. Brooklyn, NY: Verso Books.Google Scholar
Mayer, A. J. (2010). The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War. Brooklyn, NY: Verso Books.Google Scholar
McCall, B. (1988). The Effects of Rent Control in Egypt: Part I. Arab Law Quarterly, 3(2).Google Scholar
McGreal, C. (2008, May 26). Egypt: Bread shortages, hunger and unrest. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/may/27/food.egyptGoogle Scholar
McMichael, P. (2012). Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective. Newbury Park, CA: Pine Forge Press.Google Scholar
Meital, Y. (2006). The struggle over political order in Egypt: The 2005 elections. Middle East Journal, 60(2), 257–279.Google Scholar
Migdal, J. (1988). Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Miliband, R. (1969). The State in Capitalist Society. London, UK: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.Google Scholar
Miliband, R. (1970). The capitalist state-reply to Nicos Poulantzas. New Left Review, (59), 53.Google Scholar
Miliband, R. (1973). Poulantzas and the capitalist state. New Left Review, (82), 83.Google Scholar
Miller, J. (1984, May 27). Mubarak’s venture in democracy. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/1984/05/27/magazine/mubarak-s-venture-in-democracy.htmlGoogle Scholar
Ministry of Defense. (2018). The Official Home Page of the Egyptian Armed Forces. Retrieved August 9, 2018, from www.mod.gov.eg/ModWebSite/Default.aspxGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, R. (1969). The Society of the Muslim Brothers. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, T. (1991a). America’s Egypt: Discourse of the development industry. Middle East Report, 18–36.Google Scholar
Mitchell, T. (1991b). Colonizing Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, T. (2002). Ruler of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Mohamed, F. A.-S. (2004). Role of Agricultural Cooperatives in Agricultural Development: The Case of Menoufiya Governorate. Bonn, Germany: University of Bonn.Google Scholar
Mohsen, A. A. (2010, February 17). Villagers protest upper Egypt land seizures. Al Masry Al Youm. Retrieved from www.egyptindependent.com/villagers-protest-upper-egypt-land-seizures/Google Scholar
Momani, B. (2003). Promoting economic liberalization in Egypt: From US foreign aid to trade and investment. Middle East, 7(3), 89.Google Scholar
Momani, B. (2005). IMF-Egyptian debt negotiations. Cairo Papers in Social Science, 26(3).Google Scholar
Momani, B. (2013). In Egypt, “Deep State” vs. “Brotherhoodization.” Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Mooers, C. (1991). The Making of Bourgeois Europe: Absolutism, Revolution, and the Rise of Capitalism in England, France, and Germany. Brooklyn, NY: Verso Books.Google Scholar
Moore, C. H. (1990). Islamic banks and competitive politics in the Arab world and Turkey. Middle East Journal, 44(2), 234–255.Google Scholar
Moustafa, T. (2003). Law versus the State: The Radicalization of Politics in Egypt. Chicago: American Bar Foundation.Google Scholar
Munck, R. (2002). Globalization and Labour: The New “Great Transformation.” London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Munson, H. (1988). Islam and Revolution in the Middle East. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Murphy, D. (2005, May 6). Discontent flaring in rural Egypt. Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved from www.csmonitor.com/2005/0506/p01s02-wome.htmlGoogle Scholar
Naguib, S. (2009). Islamism (s) old and new. In Marfleet, P., and El-Mahdi, R. (eds.), Egypt: The Moment of Change. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Nasr, S. V. R. (2005). The Rise of “Muslim Democracy.” Journal of Democracy, 16(2), 13–27.Google Scholar
Nassar, S., and Mansour, M. (2003). Agriculture: An assessment of past performance and the task ahead. In El-Ghonemy, R. M. (ed.), Egypt in the Twenty-First Century: Challenges for Development. London: Routledge, pp. 141–159.Google Scholar
Nassif, H. B. (2013). Wedded to Mubarak: The second careers and financial rewards of Egypt’s military elite, 1981–2011. Middle East Journal, 67(4), 509–530.Google Scholar
National Bank of Egypt (NBE). (1990). Economic Bulletin. Cairo: National Bank of Egypt.Google Scholar
National Bank of Egypt (NBE). (1992). Economic Bulletin. Cairo: National Bank of Egypt.Google Scholar
National Bank of Egypt (NBE). (2001). Economic Bulletin (No. 54 (4)). Cairo: National Bank of Egypt.Google Scholar
Neumann, J. (2009, January 9). Unfounded optimism. Cairo: Businesstodayegypt.Google Scholar
Niblock, T., and Murphy, E. (1993). Economic and Political Liberalization in the Middle East. London: British Academic Press; Distributed by St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Nitzan, J., and Bichler, S. (2002). The Global Political Economy of Israel: From War Profits to Peace Dividends. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Nordlinger, E. A. (1982). On the Autonomy of the Democratic State. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
NSPO. (2018). National Service Projects Organization. Retrieved August 9, 2018, from www.nspo.com.eg/nspo/about.htmlGoogle Scholar
OECD. (2007a). African Economic Outlook 2006/07. Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire: African Development Bank.Google Scholar
OECD. (2007b). OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Egypt 2007. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264034624-enGoogle Scholar
OECD. (2007c). OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Egypt 2007. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264034624-enGoogle Scholar
OECD. (2008). African Economic Outlook 2008. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.Google Scholar
OECD. (2009). African Economic Outlook 2009. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1787/aeo-2009-enGoogle Scholar
Ostry, J., Loungani, P., and Furceri, D. (2016). Neoliberalism: Oversold? -- finance & development, June 2016. Finance and Development, 53(2), 38–41.Google Scholar
Overbeek, H. (2000). Transnational historical materialism. In Palan, R. (ed.), Global Political Economy: Contemporary Theories. New York: Routledge. pp. 168–183.Google Scholar
Owen, R. (2002). State Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Owen, R. (2004). State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East, 3rd edn. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Paczynska, A. (2006). Globalization, structural adjustment, and pressure to conform: Contesting labor law reform in Egypt. New Political Science, 28(1), 45–64.Google Scholar
Panitch, L. (1998). “The state in a changing world”: Social-democratizing global capitalism? Monthly Review, 50(5), 11.Google Scholar
Partridge, M. (2011, June 7). How the economic policies of a corrupt elite caused the Arab Spring. Retrieved from www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2011/06/economic-arab-egypt-regionGoogle Scholar
Paul, J. (1983). The Egyptian Arms Industry. Merip Reports, (112), 26–28.Google Scholar
Perelman, M. (2000). The Invention of Capitalism: Classical Political Economy and the Secret History of Primitive Accumulation. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Peters, P. E. (2004). Inequality and social conflict over land in Africa. Journal of Agrarian Change, 4(3), 269–314.Google Scholar
Pfeifer, K. (1997). Is there an Islamic economics. Political Islam. Essays from Middle East Report, 144, 153.Google Scholar
Picard, E. (1988). Arab military in politics: From revolutionary plot to authoritarian state. In Dawisha, A. and Zartmann, W. (eds.), Beyond Coercion: The Durability of the Arab State. London: Croom Helm, pp. 116–146.Google Scholar
Pilon, D. (2013). Wrestling with Democracy: Voting Systems as Politics in the Twentieth-century West. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Polanyi, K. (1944). The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Pontusson, J., and Swenson, P. (1996). Labor markets, production strategies, and wage bargaining institutions: The Swedish employer offensive in comparative perspective. Comparative Political Studies, 29(2), 223–250.Google Scholar
Portes, A., and Böröcz, J. (1988). The informal sector under capitalism and state socialism: A preliminary comparison. Social Justice, 15(3/4 (33–34)), 17–28.Google Scholar
Post, E. (1987). Egypt’s elections. Middle East Report, (147). Retrieved from www.merip.org/mer/mer147/egypts-electionsGoogle Scholar
Posusney, M. P. (1997). Labor and the state in Egypt: Workers, unions, and economic restructuring. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=FeNj5PGd76YC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Posusney+1997&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjt18qzhPnZAhWIrlQKHQsLCnkQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Posusney%201997&f=falseGoogle Scholar
Poulantzas, N. (1969). The problem of the capitalist state. New Left Review, (58), 67.Google Scholar
Poulantzas, N. (1973). Political Power and Social Classes (O’Hagan, T., Trans.). Ljubljana, Slovenia: NLB London.Google Scholar
Poulantzas, N. (1976). The capitalist state: A reply to Miliband and Laclau. New Left Review, (95), 63.Google Scholar
Prashad, V. (2008). The Darker Nations: A People’s History of the Third World. New York: The New Press.Google Scholar
Putz, U. (2008, April 18). Crisis in Egypt: The daily struggle for food. Spiegel Online. Retrieved from www.spiegel.de/international/world/crisis-in-egypt-the-daily-struggle-for-food-a-548300.htmlGoogle Scholar
Qutb, S. (2006). Milestones. Birmingham, UK: Maktabah Publishers.Google Scholar
Radchenko, N. (2014). Heterogeneity in informal salaried employment: Evidence from the Egyptian labor market survey. World Development, 62, 169–188.Google Scholar
Radwan, S. (1997). Towards full employment: Egypt into the 21st century. Eces.Org.Eg. Retrieved from www.eces.org.eg/Publication.aspx?Id=81Google Scholar
Radwan, S. (2002). Employment and Unemployment in Egypt: Conventional Problems, Unconventional Remedies. Cairo: The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies.Google Scholar
Reuters, . (2018, May 16). Special Report: From war room to boardroom. Military firms flourish. Reuters. Retrieved from www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-military-economy-specialreport/special-report-from-war-room-to-boardroom-military-firms-flourish-in-sisis-egypt-idUSKCN1IH185Google Scholar
Ricciardone, F. (2008). Scene-setter for Mindef Tantawi’s visit to the U.S. March 24–28 (Wikileaks Public Library of US Diplomacy No. 08CAIRO524_a). Retrieved from the Egypt Cairo website: https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08CAIRO524_a.htmlGoogle Scholar
Richards, A. (2004). Economic reform in the Middle East: The challenge to governance. In Bensahel, N. and Byman, D. (eds.), The Future Security Environment of the Middle East: Conflict, Stability and Political Change. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, pp. 57–128.Google Scholar
Richards, A., and Waterbury, J. (1996). A Political Economy of the Middle East, 2nd edn. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Richards, A., and Waterbury, J. (2008). A Political Economy of the Middle East, 3rd edn. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Roccu, R. (2013). The Political Economy of the Egyptian Revolution: Mubarak, Economic Reforms and Failed Hegemony. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Rodrik, D. (1997). Has Globalization Gone Too Far? New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Roll, S. (2010). Finance matters! The influence of financial sector reforms on the development of the entrepreneurial elite in Egypt. Mediterranean Politics, 15(2), pp. 349–370.Google Scholar
Roushdy, R., and Selwaness, I. (2014). The Coverage Gap in the Egyptian Social Insurance System during a Period of Reforms and Revolts. Giza, Egypt: Economic Research Forum.Google Scholar
Roussillon, A. (1998). Republican Egypt Interpreted: revolution and beyond. In Daly, M. W. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Egypt: Vol. 2, Modern Egypt from 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge Studies , pp. 334–393.Google Scholar
Roy, D. A. (1991a). Egyptian emigrant labor: Domestic consequences. Middle Eastern Studies, 27(4).Google Scholar
Roy, D. A. (1991b). Islamic banking. Middle Eastern Studies, 27(3), 427–456.Google Scholar
Roy, O. (1994). The Failure of Political Islam. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 551–582.Google Scholar
Rudé, G. F. E. (1995). Ideology and Popular Protest. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press Books.Google Scholar
Rutherford, B. K. (2008). Egypt after Mubarak: Liberalism, Islam, and Democracy in the Arab World. Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Saad, R. (1999). State, landlord, parliament and peasant: The story of the 1992 Tenancy Law in Egypt. Proceedings of the British Academy, 96, 387–404.Google Scholar
Saad, R. (2000). Agriculture and politics in contemporary Egypt: The 1997 tenancy crisis. Hill, E. (ed.). Discourses in Contemporary Egypt: Politics and Social Issues. Cairo Papers in Social Science, 22(4), 22–35.Google Scholar
Saad, R. (2002). Egyptian Politics and the Tenancy Law. In Bush, R. (ed.), Counter-Revolution in Egypt’s Countryside: Land and Farmers in the Era of Economic Reform. London: Zed Books, pp. 103–125.Google Scholar
Saad-Filho, A., and Johnston, D. (2005). Neoliberalism: A Critical Reader. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Sachs, J. (1996, June). Achieving rapid growth: The road ahead of Egypt. Distinguished Lecture Series. Cairo: Egyptian Centre for Economic Studies.Google Scholar
Sadowski, Y. (1991). Political Vegetables? Businessmen and Bureaucrats in the Development of Egyptian Agriculture. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institute.Google Scholar
Salama, A. M. S., and Ahmed, M. S. (1972). Arab Socialism. London: Blandford Press.Google Scholar
Schmid, K. (2015). Accumulation by dispossession in tourism. Anthropologica, 57(1), 115–125.Google Scholar
Schumpeter, J. A. (1950). Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, 3rd edn. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Scobey, M. (2008). Academics see the military in decline, but retaining strong influence (Wikileaks Public Library of US Diplomacy No. 08CAIRO2091_a). Retrieved from the Egypt Cairo website: https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08CAIRO2091_a.htmlGoogle Scholar
Scott, J. C. (1977). The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Scott, J. C. (1985). Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Seddon, D. (1990). The politics of adjustment: Egypt and the IMF, 1987–1990. Review of African Political Economy, 17(47), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056249008703850Google Scholar
Sedgwick, M. (2010). Measuring Egyptian regime legitimacy. Middle East Critique, 19(3), 251–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2010.514474Google Scholar
Sfakianakis, J. (2004). The whales of the Nile: Networks, businessmen, and bureaucrats during the era of privatization in Egypt. In Networks of Privilege in the Middle East: The Politics of Economic Reform Revisited. New York: Springer, pp. 77–100.Google Scholar
Shanin, T. (1972). The Awkward Class: Political Sociology of Peasantry in a Developing Society: Russia 1910–1925. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Sharp, J. M. (2006). Egypt: 2005 Presidential and Parliamentary Elections. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress.Google Scholar
Shawkat, Y. (2015). Egypt’s Deregulated Property Market: A Crisis of Affordability. Retrieved March 4, 2018, from the Middle East Institute website: www.mei.edu/content/at/egypts-deregulated-property-market-crisis-affordabilityGoogle Scholar
Shehata, D. (2009). Islamists and Secularists in Egypt: Opposition, Conflict & Cooperation. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Shehata, S., and Stacher, J. (2006). The Brotherhood goes to parliament. Middle East Report, (240). Retrieved from www.merip.org/mer/mer240/brotherhood-goes-parliamentGoogle Scholar
Sieverding, M., and Selwaness, I. (2012). Social protection in Egypt: A policy overview. Gender and Work in the MENA Region Working Paper Series, (23).Google Scholar
Smith, A. (1937). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. New York: The Modern LibraryGoogle Scholar
Soliman, A. M. (2004). A Possible Way Out: Formalizing Housing Informality in Egyptian Cities. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Soliman, S. (1998). State and Industrial Capitalism in Egypt (Vol. 2). Cairo: The American University of Cairo Press.Google Scholar
Springborg, R. (1987). The president and the field marshal: Civil-military relations in Egypt today. MERIP Middle East Report, (147), 5–42.Google Scholar
Springborg, R. (1989). Mubarak’s Egypt: Fragmentation of the Political Order. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Springborg, R. (1991). State-society relations in Egypt: The debate over owner-tenant relations. Middle East Journal, 45(2), 232–249.Google Scholar
Springborg, R. (2014, October 10). The role of militaries in the Arab Thermidor. Retrieved July 2, 2018, from the Project on Middle East Political Science website: https://pomeps.org/2014/12/12/the-role-of-militaries-in-the-arab-thermidor/Google Scholar
Stacher, J. A. (2002). Post-Islamist rumblings in Egypt: The emergence of the Wasat party. Middle East Journal, 415–432.Google Scholar
Stacher, J. (2004). Parties over: The demise of Egypt’s opposition parties. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 31(2), 215–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/135301904042000268222Google Scholar
Stacher, J. (2012). Adaptable Autocrats: Regime Power in Egypt and Syria. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Standing, G. (2011). The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.Google Scholar
Stiglitz, J. (2002). Globalization and Its Discontents. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Streeck, W., and Yamamura, K. (2001). The Origins of Nonliberal Capitalism: Germany and Japan in Comparison. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Sullivan, D. J. (1990). The Political Economy of Reform in Egypt. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 22(3, August), pp. 317–334.Google Scholar
Sullivan, D. J., and Abed-Kotob, S. (1999). Islam in Contemporary Egypt: Civil Society vs. the State. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Tadros, S. (2012, February 15). Egypt military’s economic empire. Al Jazeera. Retrieved from www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/02/2012215195912519142.htmlGoogle Scholar
Tarrow, S. G. (2011). Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, F. W. (1913). The Principles of Scientific Management. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Therborn, G. (1977). The rule of capital and the rise of capitalism. New Left Review, 103, 3–41.Google Scholar
Therborn, G. (1978). What Does the Ruling Class Do When It Rules? State Apparatuses and State Power under Feudalism, Capitalism and Socialism. London: NLB; Schocken Books.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P. (1963). The Making of the English Working Class. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P. (1971). The moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth century. Past & Present, (50), 76–136.Google Scholar
Tignor, R. L. (1990). Capitalism in colonial Africa: A historical overview. Political Economy of Public Sector Reform and Privatization, 187.Google Scholar
Toynbee, P. (2016, January 28). Selling off the family silver? Cameron and Osborne have gone way beyond that | Polly Toynbee. The Guardian. Retrieved from www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/selling-family-silver-cameron-osborne-thatcherGoogle Scholar
Trimberger, E. K. (1978). Revolution from above: Military Bureaucrats and Development in Japan, Turkey, Egypt, and Peru. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Tripp, C. (2006). Islam and the Moral Economy: The Challenge of Capitalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tuğal, C. (2012). Fight or acquiesce? Religion and political process in Turkey’s and Egypt’s neoliberalizations. Development and Change, 43(1), 23–51.Google Scholar
UNCTAD. (2005). Report on the Implementation of the Investment Policy Review: Egypt. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.Google Scholar
UNDP. (2009). Arab human development report 2009. Retrieved from the United Nations Development Program website: www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hdr/arab_human_developmentreport2009.htmlGoogle Scholar
UNU-WIDER. (2017, January 18). World income inequality database - WIID3.4. Retrieved March 4, 2018, from the UNU-WIDER website: www.wider.unu.edu/database/world-income-inequality-database-wiid34Google Scholar
Van der Pijl, K. (1989). Ruling classes, hegemony, and the state system: Theoretical and historical considerations. International Journal of Political Economy, 19(3), 7–35.Google Scholar
Van der Weide, R. (2016, September 27). Is inequality underestimated in Egypt? Evidence from housing prices [Text]. Retrieved May 25, 2018, from the Let’s Talk Development website: https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/inequality-underestimated-egypt-evidence-housing-pricesGoogle Scholar
Vannetzel, M. (2017). The Muslim Brotherhood’s “Virtuous society” and State Developmentalism in Egypt: The Politics of ‘Goodness.’ International Development Policy | Revue Internationale de Politique de Développement, 8(8), 220–245. https://doi.org/10.4000/poldev.2327Google Scholar
Vannetzel, M., and Yankaya, D. (2017). Crafting a business Umma? Transnational networks of “Islamic businessmen” after the Arab Spring. Mediterranean Politics, 23(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2017.1403229Google Scholar
Väyrynen, R. (1979). The Arab organization of industrialization: A case study in the multinational production of arms. Current Research on Peace and Violence, 2(2), 66–79.Google Scholar
Vergara-Camus, L. (2014). Land and Freedom: The MST, the Zapatistas and Peasant Alternatives to Neoliberalism. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Vignal, L., & Denis, E. (2006). Cairo as Regional/Global Economic Capital? In Cairo, Cosmopolitan: Politics, Culture, and Urban Space in the New Globalized Middle East. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.Google Scholar
Vitalis, R. (1995). When Capitalists Collide: Business Conflict and the End of Empire in Egypt. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Wahba, J. (2009). Impact of labor market reforms on informality in Egypt [Working Paper]. Retrieved from the Population Council, Cairo, EG website: https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/handle/10625/41993Google Scholar
Wahba, J., and Assaad, R. (2015). Flexible labor regulations and informality in Egypt. Economic Research Forum (ERF). Retrieved from http://erf.org.eg/publications/flexible-labor-regulations-and-informality-in-egypt/Google Scholar
Wahba, J., and Assaad, R. (2016). Flexible labor regulations and informality in Egypt. Review of Development Economics, 21(4), 962–984. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12288Google Scholar
Wahba, M. (1994). The Role of State in the Egyptian Economy, 1945–81. Reading, UK: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
Waterbury, J. (1983). The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political Economy of Two Regimes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Weiss, D., and Wurzel, U. (1998). The Economics and Politics of Transition to an Open Market Economy. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264163607-enGoogle Scholar
Whyte, D., and Wiegratz, J. (2016, June 20). How neoliberalism’s moral order feeds fraud and corruption. Retrieved May 3, 2018, from The Conversation website: http://theconversation.com/how-neoliberalisms-moral-order-feeds-fraud-and-corruption-60946Google Scholar
Wickham, C. R. (2002). Mobilizing Islam: Religion, Activism, Pnd Colitical change in Egypt. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Wickham, C. R. (2015). The Muslim Brotherhood: Evolution of an Islamist Movement. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wittfogel, K. A. (1959). Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Wood, E. M. (1990). The Uses and Abuses of “Civil Society.” Socialist Register, 26(26). Retrieved from www.socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/download/5574Google Scholar
Wood, E. M. (1991). The Pristine Culture of Capitalism: A Historical Essay on Old Regimes and Modern States. Brooklyn, NY: Verso Books.Google Scholar
Wood, E. M. (1995). Democracy against Capitalism: Renewing Historical Materialism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wood, E. M. (2002). The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View. Brooklyn, NY: Verso Books.Google Scholar
World Bank. (1990). Summary Proceedings: 1989 Annual Meetings of the Board of Governors (No. 53426). Retrieved from the World Bank website: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/969681468170972480/pdf/534260BR0board101Official0Use0Only1.pdfGoogle Scholar
World Bank (ed.). (1997). The State in a Changing World (1. print). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
World Bank. (2006). Egypt Public Land Management Strategy: Volume 2. Background Notes on Access to Public Land by Investment Sector--Industry, Tourism, Agriculture, and Real Estate Development. Retrieved from The World Bank website: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/19443Google Scholar
World Bank. (2018a). Agriculture, value added (% GDP). Retrieved September 9, 2018, from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/source/world-development-indicatorsGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2018b). Exports of goods and services (% of GDP). Retrieved September 9, 2018, from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/source/world-development-indicatorsGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2018c). External balance on goods and services. Retrieved from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators#Google Scholar
World Bank. (2018d). External debt stocks (% of GNI). Retrieved from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators#Google Scholar
World Bank. (2018e). Foreign direct investment net inflows (% of GDP). Retrieved March 3, 2018, from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators#Google Scholar
World Bank. (2018f). GDP growth rate. Retrieved from the World Bank website: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicatorsGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2018g). GINI index. Retrieved from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicatorsGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2018h). Gross fixed capital formation. Retrieved from the World Bank website: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicatorsGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2018i). Gross Fixed Capital Formation - Private Sector. Retrieved March 3, 2018, from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicatorsGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2018j). Income shares. Retrieved from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicatorsGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2018k). Inflation. Retrieved from the World Bank website: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators#Google Scholar
World Bank. (2018l). Manufacturing, value added (% growth). Retrieved September 9, 2018, from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/source/world-development-indicatorsGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2018m). Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP). Retrieved September 9, 2018, from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/source/world-development-indicatorsGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2018n). Market capitalization of listed domestic companies (% of GDP). Retrieved September 9, 2018, from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/source/world-development-indicatorsGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2018o). Military expenditure [Database]. Retrieved August 13, 2018, from the World Bank Development Indicators website: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/source/world-development-indicators#Google Scholar
World Bank. (2018p). Military expenditures - Percentage of central government spending and percentage of GDP. Retrieved August 15, 2018, from the World Development Indicators website: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/source/world-development-indicatorsGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2018q). Poverty Headcount Ratio at National Poverty Lines (% of population). Retrieved from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators#Google Scholar
World Bank. (2018r). Rural poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of rural population). Retrieved from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators#Google Scholar
World Bank. (2018s). Stocks traded, total value (% of GDP). Retrieved September 9, 2018, from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/source/world-development-indicatorsGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2018t). Unemployment rate. Retrieved from the World Bank website: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicatorsGoogle Scholar
World Bank. (2018u). Unemployment, youth total (% of total labour force ages 15–24). Retrieved from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators#Google Scholar
World Bank. (2018v). Urban poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of urban population). Retrieved from http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-development-indicators#Google Scholar
Wright, J. (2005, September 11). Egyptians vote for leader, opposition complains. Reuters. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20050911043259/http://in.today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2005-09-07T233301Z_01_NOOTR_RTRJONC_0_India-215318-4.xmlGoogle Scholar
Wurzel, U. G. (2004). Patterns of resistance: Economic actors and fiscal policy reform in Egypt in the 1990s. In Networks of Privilege in the Middle East: The Politics of Economic Reform Revisited. New York: Springer, pp. 101–131.Google Scholar
Wurzel, U. G. (2009). The political economy of authoritarianism in Egypt: Insufficient structural reforms, limited outcomes and a lack of new actors. In The Arab State and Neo-liberal Globalization: The Restructuring of State Power in the Middle East. Ithaca, NY: Ithaca Press, pp. 97–123.Google Scholar
Zaalouk, M. (1989). Power, Class and Foreign Capital in Egypt: The Rise of the New Bourgeoisie. London: Zed Press.Google Scholar
Ziadeh, F. (1978). Law of property in Egypt: Real rights. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 26(2, Spring).Google Scholar
Zovighian, D. (2013). The politics of “Good Governance” in Mubarak’s Egypt: Western donors and SME politics under authoritarian rule. In Hertog, S., Luciani, G., and Valeri, M. (eds.), Business Politics in the Middle East. London: Hurst & Company, pp. 183–209.Google Scholar
Zubaida, S. (1990). The politics of the Islamic investment companies in Egypt. British Society for Middle Easter Studies, Bulletin, 17(2), pp. 152–161.Google Scholar
Zubaida, S. (2011). Beyond Islam: A New Understanding of the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • Angela Joya, University of Oregon
  • Book: The Roots of Revolt
  • Online publication: 13 March 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108777537.009
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • Angela Joya, University of Oregon
  • Book: The Roots of Revolt
  • Online publication: 13 March 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108777537.009
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • Angela Joya, University of Oregon
  • Book: The Roots of Revolt
  • Online publication: 13 March 2020
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108777537.009
Available formats
×