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L'Afrique orientale et la mer du Ier au XVe siècle

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2017

Philippe Beaujard
Affiliation:
Emeritus Research Director at the CNRS, Centre d'études des Mondes Africains, Paris 1, France
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Summary

RÉSUMÉ. L'existence précoce d'une vie maritime est attestée par une référence dans le Périple de la mer Erythrée (vers 40 ap. J-C). Au VIIIe siècle apparaissent des communautés musulmanes dans les îles de Pate et Pemba, venues d'Oman et du golfe Persique. Elles contribuent à l'expansion swahili vers les Comores et Madagascar. Le XIVe siècle voit une forte croissance autour de Mogadiscio et de Kilwa qui reçoivent des tissus d'Égypte et de l'Inde, des soieries et de la céramique chinoise. En 1417 et 1422, la côte africaine est par deux fois visitée par les flottes chinoises de Zheng He : les produits chinois sont échangés contre l'or de Sofala et des esclaves. L'arrivée des Portugais en 1505 reconfigure les réseaux commerciaux qui ont fait de l'Afrique orientale une semi-périphérie du système-monde afro-eurasien.

ABSTRACT. The very early existence of maritime life is proven by a reference from Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (circa 40 AD). In the 8th century, Muslim communities from Oman and the Persian Gulf appeared in the Pate and Pemba islands. They contributed to the Swahili expansion towards the Comores and Madagascar. In the 14th century, significant growth occurred near Mogadiscio and Kilwa where fabrics from Egypt and India and Chinese ceramics were received. In 1417 and 1422, Zheng He's Chinese fleets arrived on the African coast: Chinese products were exchanged for Sofala gold and slaves. In 1505, the arrival of the Portuguese reorganized the commercial networks that had made oriental Africa a semi-periphery of the Afro-Eurasian system.

Au début de l'ère chrétienne, un essor des échanges dans l'océan Indien induit une première globalisation de cet espace et son inclusion dans un systèmemonde afro-eurasien unique (Beaujard, 2007, 2012). La formation de ce système est marquée par les mouvements des marchands méditerranéens vers l'Asie du Sud et les voyages des Austronésiens vers la Chine ou l'ouest de l'océan Indien. Elle éclaire également l'« indianisation » de l'Asie du Sud-Est et l'apparition en Afrique de l'Est d'une culture pré-swahili.

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Publisher: Boydell & Brewer
Print publication year: 2017

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