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The case of Germany in the first part of World War II, 1939–1942

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 May 2017

Jörg Hillmann
Affiliation:
Jörg Hillmann is a Captain in the German Navy attached to the European Defence Agency in Brussels
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Summary

ABSTRACT.Pre-war German naval strategy was more ideological than practical, and unrelated to the army's plans. In 1939 the Navy adopted a campaign against British and French trade, primarily with surface ships, for which it had scarcely prepared. In 1940 the invasion of Norway and France gave the Navy good access to the open Atlantic, but the losses incurred in Norway made a realistic plan for the invasion of Britain very difficult. In any case neither the Army nor Hitler wanted to invade. Even when it became clear that Britain was not going to accommodate herself to German dominance of Europe, they preferred to win the “real” war against the Soviet Union before considering naval plans. It was left to the incipient Anglo-American alliance to develop a sea-based world-war strategy which Germany largely ignored until it was too late.

RÉSUMÉ.La stratégie navale allemande d'avant-guerre était davantage d'ordre idéologique que pratique et sans rapport avec les plans de l'armée. En 1939, la marine se lança dans une campagne contre les échanges britanniques et français(pour laquelle elle était à peine préparée), en utilisant surtout des navires de surface. Les invasions de la Norvège et de la France en 1940 lui donnèrent le champ libre pour accéder à l'Atlantique mais les pertes subies en Norvège rendirent très difficile l'élaboration d'un plan d'attaque réaliste pour l'invasion de la Grande-Bretagne, ce que de toute façon ni Hitler ni l'armée ne souhaitaient. Même quand il devint clair que les britanniques ne s'accommoderaient pas de sa domination en Europe, l'Allemagne préféra gagner la guerre « véritable » contre l'Union Soviétique avant d'envisager des plans pour sa marine. Ceci laissa à l'alliance anglo-américaine naissante l'opportunité de développer une stratégie de combat mondial basée sur la mer dont l'Allemagne ne s'inquiéta pas avant qu'il ne soit trop tard.

Germany never developed a maritime cast of mind at any stage in its history. Only the Emperor Wilhelm II tried to change this and fix Germany's future on the sea, but he failed in 1918. The German revolution of 1918, which started in the Navy, the restrictions of the Versailles settlement of 1919 and the scuttling of the fleet in Scapa Flow all reduced the maritime capabilities of the Weimar Republic and left the Navy in a miserable condition.

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Publisher: Boydell & Brewer
Print publication year: 2017

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