Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T04:30:16.039Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

10 - Romantic Relationships and Traditional Media

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2023

By
Jesse Fox  and
Jessica R. Frampton
Edited by
Brian G. Ogolsky
Brian G. Ogolsky
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Get access

Summary

The widespread adoption of social media, mobile phones, and online dating apps has drawn more attention toward the importance of media technologies in romantic relationships. However, most observed relational functions and effects of digital media are not novel. Rather, they have been documented previously with traditional media such as books, letters, radio, newspapers, recorded music, television, and the telephone. Romantic relational phenomena manifest across both traditional and digital media due to similar affordances. This chapter provides an overview of research on traditional media across relational processes (mate seeking, relationship initiation, relationship escalation, relationship maintenance, relationship disruption, and relationship dissolution), identifying key social affordances, and introducing relevant theories. We discuss how people use media in relationships, how media consumption affects our relationships, and how people foster relationships with media characters (i.e., parasocial relationships).

Keywords

medianewstelevisionradiomasscommunication
Type
Chapter
Information
The Sociocultural Context of Romantic Relationships , pp. 168 - 200
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adelman, M. B., & Ahuvia, A. C. (1991). Mediated channels for mate seeking: A solution to involuntary singlehood? Critical Studies in Media Communication, 8(3), 273–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295039109366798Google Scholar
Alberts, J. K., Yoshimura, C. G., Rabby, M., & Loschiavo, R. (2005). Mapping the topography of couples’ daily conversation. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22(3), 299–322. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407505050941CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexopoulos, C., & Taylor, L. D. (2020). Your cheating cognitions: Young women’s responses to television messages about infidelity. Mass Communication and Society, 23(2), 249–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2019.1705350CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexopoulos, C., & Taylor, L. D. (2021). If your girl only knew: The effects of infidelity-themed song lyrics on cognitions related to infidelity. Psychology of Popular Media, 10(4), 445–456. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000326CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderegg, C., Dale, K., & Fox, J. (2014). Media portrayals of romantic relationship maintenance: A content analysis of relational maintenance behaviors on prime time television. Mass Communication & Society, 17(5), 733–753. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2013.846383CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, H. (1958). An analysis of 777 matrimonial want ads in two Copenhagen newspapers. Acta Sociologica, 3(1), 173–182. www.jstor.org/stable/4193491CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, P. A. (1993). Cognitive schemata in personal relationships. In Duck, S. (Ed.), Individuals in relationships (pp. 1–29). Sage.Google Scholar
Aubrey, J. S. (2004). Sex and punishment: An examination of sexual consequences and the sexual double standard in teen programming. Sex Roles, 50(7–8), 505–514. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000023070.87195.07CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aubrey, J. S., Rhea, D. M., Olson, L. N., & Fine, M. (2013). Conflict and control: Examining the association between exposure to television portraying interpersonal conflict and the use of controlling behaviors in romantic relationships. Communication Studies, 64(1), 106–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2012.731465CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, B. L. (1988). From front porch to back seat: Courtship in twentieth-century America. Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Barnett, C., Briggs, A., Osei-Tutu, A., & Dzokoto, V. (2020). How will I know if (s)he really loves me? An analysis of romantic relationship concerns in Ghanaian print media advice columns, 2000–2016. Journal of Black Sexuality and Relationships, 6(3), 93–125. https://doi.org/10.1353/bsr.2020.0002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergner, R. M., & Bridges, A. J. (2002). The significance of heavy pornography involvement for romantic partners: Research and clinical implications. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 28(3), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/009262302760328235CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Black, C. F. (2010). Doing gender from prison: Male inmates and their supportive wives and girlfriends. Race, Gender & Class, 17(3–4), 255–271. www.jstor.org/stable/41674764Google Scholar
Bond, B. J., Miller, B., & Aubrey, J. S. (2019). Sexual references and consequences for heterosexual, lesbian, gay, and bisexual characters on television: A comparison content analysis. Mass Communication and Society, 22(1), 72–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2018.1489058CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borna, S., Chapman, J., & Menezes, D. (1993). Deceptive nature of Dial-a-Porn commercials and public policy alternatives. Journal of Business Ethics, 12(7), 503–509. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00872370CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borzutzky, C., Clark, L., & Belzer, M. (2008). Callers to a nationally syndicated commercial entertainment radio show about sex and relationships: Their questions, reasons for calling, and outcomes. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(2), 32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.11.086CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, J. D., Zhao, X., Wang, M. N., Liu, Q., Lu, A. S., Li, L. J., Ortiz, R. R., Liao, S., & Zhang, G. (2013). Love is all you need: A content analysis of romantic scenes in Chinese entertainment television. Asian Journal of Communication, 23(3), 229–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2012.729148CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpenter, L. M. (1998). From girls into women: Scripts for sexuality and romance in Seventeen magazine, 1974–1994. Journal of Sex Research, 35(2), 158–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499809551929CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, K. R., Knox, D., & Hall, S. S. (2018). Romantic breakup: Difficult loss for some but not for others. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 23(8), 698–714. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2018.1502523CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, S. P., & Renshaw, K. D. (2016). Communication via different media during military deployments and post-deployment relationship satisfaction. Military Behavioral Health, 4(3), 260–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/21635781.2016.1153535CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caughlin, J. P., & Sharabi, L. L. (2013). A communicative interdependence perspective of close relationships: The connections between mediated and unmediated interactions matter. Journal of Communication, 63(5), 873–893. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12046Google Scholar
Chandra, A., Martino, S. C., Collins, R. L., Elliott, M. N., Berry, S. H., Kanouse, D. E., & Miu, A. (2008). Does watching sex on television predict teen pregnancy? Findings from a national longitudinal survey of youth. Pediatrics, 122(5), 1047–1054. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-3066CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Constable, N. (2003). Romance on a global stage: Pen pals, virtual ethnography, and “mail order” marriages. University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coyne, S. M., Nelson, D. A., Graham-Kevan, N., Tew, E., Meng, K. N., & Olsen, J. A. (2011). Media depictions of physical and relational aggression: Connections with aggression in young adults’ romantic relationships. Aggressive Behavior, 37(1), 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20372CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coyne, S. M., Ward, L. M., Kroff, S. L., Davis, E. J., Holmgren, H. G., Jensen, A. C., Erickson, S. E., & Essig, L. W. (2019). Contributions of mainstream sexual media exposure to sexual attitudes, perceived peer norms, and sexual behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(4), 430–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.11.016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dainton, M., & Aylor, B. (2002). Patterns of communication channel use in the maintenance of long‐distance relationships. Communication Research Reports, 19(2), 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824090209384839CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dannefer, D., & Kasen, J. H. (1981). Anonymous exchanges: CB and the emergence of sex typing. Urban Life, 10(3), 265–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124168101000303CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Pee, C. (2007). The writing of weddings in middle-period China: Text and ritual practice in the eighth through fourteenth centuries. SUNY Press.Google Scholar
de Sousa Campos, L., Otta, E., & de Oliveira Siqueira, J. (2002). Sex differences in mate selection strategies: Content analyses and responses to personal advertisements in Brazil. Evolution and Human Behavior, 23(5), 395–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-5138(02)00099-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dew, J., & Tulane, S. (2015). The association between time spent using entertainment media and marital quality in a contemporary dyadic national sample. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 36(12), 621–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-014-9427-yCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dillman Carpentier, F. R., & Stevens, E. M. (2018). Sex in the media, sex on the mind: Linking television use, sexual permissiveness, and sexual concept accessibility in memory. Sexuality & Culture, 22(1), 22–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-017-9450-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dillman Carpentier, F. R., Stevens, E. M., Wu, L., & Seely, N. (2017). Sex, love, and risk-n-responsibility: A content analysis of entertainment television. Mass Communication and Society, 20(5), 686–709. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2017.1298807CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dimmick, J., Kline, S., & Stafford, L. (2000). The gratification niches of personal e-mail and the telephone: Competition, displacement, and complementarity. Communication Research, 27(2), 227–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365000027002005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donovan, J. M. (2002). Same-sex union announcements: Whether newspapers must publish them, and why we should care. Brooklyn Law Review, 68(3), 721–807.Google Scholar
Drew, R. (2016). The space between: Mix taping as a ritual of distance. Popular Communication, 14(3), 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/15405702.2015.1084627CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erickson, S. E., & Dal Cin, S. (2018). Romantic parasocial attachments and the development of romantic scripts, schemas, and beliefs among adolescents. Media Psychology, 21(1), 111–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2017.1305281CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eyal, K., & Cohen, J. (2006). When good friends say goodbye: A parasocial breakup study. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 50(3), 502–523. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem5003_9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eyal, K., & Finnerty, K. (2009). The portrayal of sexual intercourse on television: How, who, and with what consequence? Mass Communication & Society, 12(2), 143–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205430802136713CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fallis, S. F., Fitzpatrick, M. A., & Friestad, M. S. (1985). Spouses’ discussion of television portrayals of close relationships. Communication Research, 12(1), 59–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365085012001003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fehr, B. (1993). How do I love thee? Let me consult my prototype. In Duck, S. (Ed.), Individuals in relationships (pp. 87–120). Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feiring, C. (1996). Concept of romance in 15-year-old adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 6(2), 181–200.Google Scholar
Fox, J., & McEwan, B. (2017). Distinguishing technologies for social interaction: The perceived social affordances of communication channels scale. Communication Monographs, 84(3), 298–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1332418CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, J., Frampton, J. R., Jones, E., & Lookadoo, K. (2021). Romantic relationship dissolution on social networking sites: Self-presentation and public accounts of breakups on Facebook. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(12), 3732–3751. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118800317CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frampton, J. R., & Linvill, D. L. (2017). Green on the screen: Types of jealousy and communicative responses to jealousy in romantic comedies. Southern Communication Journal, 82(5), 298–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794X.2017.1347701CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritz, N., Malic, V., Paul, B., & Zhou, Y. (2020). A descriptive analysis of the types, targets, and relative frequency of aggression in mainstream pornography. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(8), 3041–3053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01773-0CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garrido, S., & Davidson, J. W. (2019). Music, nostalgia, and memory: Historical and psychological perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1986). Living with television: The dynamics of the cultivation process. In Bryant, J. & Zillmann, D. (Eds.), Perspectives on media effects (pp. 17–40). Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Gershon, I. (2010). The breakup 2.0: Disconnecting over new media. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1971). Relations in public: Microstudies of the public order. Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Golia, J. (2021). Newspaper confessions: A history of advice columns in a pre-internet age. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomillion, S., Gabriel, S., Kawakami, K., & Young, A. F. (2017). Let’s stay home and watch TV: The benefits of shared media use for close relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 34(6), 855–874. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407516660388CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenwood, D. N., & Long, C. R. (2011). Attachment, belongingness needs, and relationship status predict imagined intimacy with media figures. Communication Research, 38(2), 278–297. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650210362687CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffen-Foley, B. (2020). Australian radio listeners and television viewers: Historical perspectives. Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, K. (1995). Lip service on the fantasy lines. In Hall, K. & Bucholtz, M. (Eds.), Gender articulated: Language and the socially constructed self (pp. 183–216). Routledge.Google Scholar
Harris, C. B., Baird, A., Harris, S. A., & Thompson, W. F. (2020). “They’re playing our song”: Couple-defining songs in intimate relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(1), 163–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407519859440CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatch, D. L., & Hatch, M. A. (1947). Criteria of social status as derived from marriage announcements in The New York Times. American Sociological Review, 12(4), 396–403. www.jstor.org/stable/2087283CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hefner, V., & Wilson, B. J. (2013). From love at first sight to soul mate: The influence of romantic ideals in popular films on young people’s beliefs about relationships. Communication Monographs, 80(2), 150–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2013.776697CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henningsen, D. D., Henningsen, M. L. M., McWorthy, E., McWorthy, C., & McWorthy, L. (2011). Exploring the effects of sex and mode of presentation in perceptions of dating goals in video-dating. Journal of Communication, 61(4), 641–658. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01564.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hetsroni, A., & Bloch, L. R. (1999). Choosing the right mate when everyone is watching: Cultural and sex differences in television dating games. Communication Quarterly, 47(3), 315–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463379909385562CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honeycutt, J. M., & Sheldon, P. (2018). Scripts and communication for relationships (2nd ed.). Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Horton, D., & Wohl, R. R. (1956). Mass communication and para-social interaction: Observations on intimacy at a distance. Psychiatry, 19(3), 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ito, K. (2002). The world of Japanese ladies’ comics: From romantic fantasy to lustful perversion. Journal of Popular Culture, 36(1), 68–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janning, M. (2018). Love letters: Saving romance in the digital age. Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jansen, B. (2009). Tape cassettes and former selves: How mix tapes mediate memories. In Bijsterveld, K. & van Dijck, J. (Eds.), Sound souvenirs: Audio technologies, memory, and cultural practices (pp. 43–54). Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, A. J., Smith, S. W., Mitchell, M. M., Orrego, V. O., & Ah Yun, K. (1999). Expert advice on daytime talk television: A beneficial source of information for the general public? Communication Research Reports, 16(1), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824099909388705CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, K. R., & Holmes, B. M. (2009). Contradictory messages: A content analysis of Hollywood-produced romantic comedy feature films. Communication Quarterly, 57(3), 352–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463370903113632CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, P. M., & Holmes, K. A. (2019). Gaydar, marriage, and rip-roaring homosexuals: Discourses about homosexuality in Dear Abby and Ann Landers advice columns, 1967–1982. Journal of Homosexuality, 66(3), 389–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1413274CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joyce, S. N., & Martinez, M. (2017). From social merchandising to social spectacle: Portrayals of domestic violence in TV Globo’s prime-time telenovelas. International Journal of Communication, 11, 220–236. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/5905Google Scholar
Jozkowski, K. N., Marcantonio, T. L., Rhoads, K. E., Canan, S., Hunt, M. E., & Willis, M. (2019). A content analysis of sexual consent and refusal communication in mainstream films. The Journal of Sex Research, 56(6), 754–765. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1595503CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and gratifications research. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509–523. www.jstor.org/stable/2747854CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knapp, M. L. (1978). Social intercourse: From greeting to goodbye. Allyn and Bacon.Google Scholar
Knobloch, S., & Zillmann, D. (2003). Appeal of love themes in popular music. Psychological Reports, 93(3), 653–658. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.93.3.653CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kretz, V. E. (2019). Television and movie viewing predict adults’ romantic ideals and relationship satisfaction. Communication Studies, 70(2), 208–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2019.1595692CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunkel, D., Farrar, K. M., Eyal, K., Biely, E., Donnerstein, E., & Rideout, V. (2007). Sexual socialization messages on entertainment television: Comparing content trends 1997–2002. Media Psychology, 9(3), 595–622. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213260701283210CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1940). Radio and the printed page: An introduction to the study of radio and its role in the communication of ideas. Duell, Sloan and Pearce.Google Scholar
Ledbetter, A. M. (2013). Relational maintenance and inclusion of the other in the self: Measure development and dyadic test of a self-expansion theory approach. Southern Communication Journal, 78(4), 289–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794X.2013.815265CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ledbetter, A. M., Stassen, H., Muhammad, A., & Kotey, E. N. (2010). Relational maintenance as including the other in the self. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 11(1), 21–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/17459430903413457CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Len-Ríos, M. E., Streit, C., Killoren, S., Deutsch, A., Cooper, M. L., & Carlo, G. (2016). U.S. Latino adolescents’ use of mass media and mediated communication in romantic relationships. Journal of Children and Media, 10(4), 395–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2016.1144214CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, P. H. (1983). Innovative divorce rituals: Their psycho-social functions. Journal of Divorce, 6(3), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1300/J279v06n03_06CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lohmann, A., Arriaga, X. B., & Goodfriend, W. (2003). Close relationships and placemaking: Do objects in a couple’s home reflect couplehood? Personal Relationships, 10(3), 437–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00058CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martino, S. C., Collins, R. L., Elliott, M. N., Kanouse, D. E., & Berry, S. H. (2009). It’s better on TV: Does television set teenagers up for regret following sexual initiation? Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 41(2), 92–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marvin, C. (1988). When old technologies were new: Thinking about electric communication in the late nineteenth century. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Matthews, N., Speers, L., & Ball, J. (2012). Bathroom banter: Sex, love, and the bathroom wall. Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality, 15(17), 1–11. http://mail.ejhs.org/volume15/Banter.htmlGoogle Scholar
Morgan, P., Hubler, D. S., Payne, P. B., Pomeroy, C., Gregg, D., & Homer, M. (2017). My partner’s media use: A qualitative study exploring perceptions of problems with a partner’s media use. Marriage & Family Review, 53(7), 683–695. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2016.1263589CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moss, L., Ward, L. M., & Overstreet, N. M. (2022). Do objectification, gender beliefs, or racial stereotypes mediate associations between Black adults’ media use and acceptance of intimate partner violence? Psychology of Violence, 12(2), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000412CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nabi, R. L., & Clark, S. (2008). Exploring the limits of social cognitive theory: Why negatively reinforced behaviors on TV may be modeled anyway. Journal of Communication, 58(3), 407–427. https://doi.org/10.111/j.1460-2466.2008.00392.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nabi, R. L., Finnerty, K., Domschke, T., & Hull, S. (2006). Does misery love company? Exploring the therapeutic effects of TV viewing on regretted experiences. Journal of Communication, 56(4), 689–706. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00315.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
North, A., & Hargreaves, D. (2008). The social and applied psychology of music. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Sullivan, L. F., & Byers, E. S. (1993). Eroding stereotypes: College women’s attempts to influence reluctant male sexual partners. Journal of Sex Research, 30(3), 270–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499309551711CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osborn, J. L. (2012). When TV and marriage meet: A social exchange analysis of the impact of television viewing on marital satisfaction and commitment. Mass Communication & Society, 15(5), 739–757. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2011.618900CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parks, M. R. (2017). Embracing the challenges and opportunities of mixed-media relationships. Human Communication Research, 43(4), 505–517. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12125CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poulsen, F. O., Busby, D. M., & Galovan, A. M. (2013). Pornography use: Who uses it and how it is associated with couple outcomes. Journal of Sex Research, 50(1), 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2011.648027CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyle, T. M., & Bridges, A. J. (2012). Perceptions of relationship satisfaction and addictive behavior: Comparing pornography and marijuana use. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 1(4), 171–179. https://doi.org/10.1556/jba.1.2012.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramasubramanian, S., & Jain, P. (2009). Gender stereotypes and normative heterosexuality in matrimonial ads from globalizing India. Asian Journal of Communication, 19(3), 253–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292980903072831CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasmussen, K. (2016). A historical and empirical review of pornography and romantic relationships: Implications for family researchers. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 8(2), 173–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12141CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reeves, B., & Nass, C. (1996). The media equation: How people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Rentfrow, P. J., & Gosling, S. D. (2006). Message in a ballad: The role of music preferences in interpersonal perception. Psychological Science, 17(3), 236–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01691.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricquier, K. (2019). The early modern transmission of the ancient Greek romances: A bibliographic survey. Ancient Narrative, 15, 1–34. https://doi.org/10.21827/5c643a2ff2600CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riggio, R. E., & Woll, S. B. (1984). The role of nonverbal cues and physical attractiveness in the selection of dating partners. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1(3), 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407584013007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodenhizer, K. A. E., & Edwards, K. M. (2019). The impacts of sexual media exposure on adolescent and emerging adults’ dating and sexual violence attitudes and behaviors: A critical review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(4), 439–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017717745CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saenger, G. (1955). Male and female relations in the American comic strip. Public Opinion Quarterly, 19(2), 195–205. https://doi.org/10.1086/266561CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarch, A. (1993). Making the connection: Single women’s use of the telephone in dating relationships with men. Journal of Communication, 43(2), 128–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01266.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schumm, W. R., Bell, D. B., Ender, M. G., & Rice, R. E. (2004). Expectations, use, and evaluation of communication media among deployed peacekeepers. Armed Forces & Society, 30(4), 649–662. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2016.1146723CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segrin, C., & Nabi, R. L. (2002). Does television viewing cultivate unrealistic expectations about marriage? Journal of Communication, 52(2), 247–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2002.tb02543.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (1986). Sexual scripts: Permanence and change. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15(2), 97–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01542219CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smiler, A. P., Shewmaker, J. W., & Hearon, B. (2017). From “I want to hold your hand” to “promiscuous”: Sexual stereotypes in popular music lyrics, 1960–2008. Sexuality & Culture, 21(4), 1083–1105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-017-9437-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spencer, T. A., Lambertsen, A., Hubler, D. S., & Burr, B. K. (2017). Assessing the mediating effect of relationship dynamics between perceptions of problematic media use and relationship satisfaction. Contemporary Family Therapy, 39(2), 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-017-9407-0CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stafford, L. (2004). Maintaining long-distance and cross-residential relationships. Erlbaum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stafford, L., & Reske, J. R. (1990). Idealization and communication in long-distance premarital relationships. Family Relations, 39(3), 274–279. https://doi.org/10.2307/584871CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Standage, T. (1998). The Victorian internet: The remarkable story of the telegraph and the nineteenth century’s online pioneers. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.Google Scholar
Stuart, I. R. (1962). Complementary vs. homogeneous needs in mate selection: A television program situation. The Journal of Social Psychology, 56(2), 291–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1962.9919398CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Su, H. (2016). Infrastructures of romantic love: Chinese love letters in the early 1900s. Interactions: Studies in Communication & Culture, 7(3), 265–280. https://doi.org/10.1386/iscc.7.3.265_1Google Scholar
Syvertsen, T. (2001). Ordinary people in extraordinary circumstances: A study of participants in television dating games. Media, Culture & Society, 23(3), 319–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/016344301023003003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timberg, B. M. (2002). Television talk: A history of the TV talk show. University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Tong, S. T., Hancock, J. T., & Slatcher, R. B. (2016). Online dating system design and relational decision making: Choice, algorithms, and control. Personal Relationships, 23(4), 645–662. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12158CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tukachinsky Forster, R. (2021). Parasocial romantic relationships: Falling in love with media figures. Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Tukachinsky Forster, R., & Dorros, S. M. (2018). Parasocial romantic relationships, romantic beliefs, and relationship outcomes in USA adolescents: Rehearsing love or setting oneself up to fail? Journal of Children and Media, 12(3), 329–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2018.1463917CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vu, H. T., & Lee, T. T. (2013). Soap operas as a matchmaker: A cultivation analysis of the effects of South Korean TV dramas on Vietnamese women’s marital intentions. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 90(2), 308–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699013482912CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, K. M. (1959). An experiment in scientific matchmaking. Marriage and Family Living, 21(4), 342–348. https://doi.org/10.2307/347108CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walther, J. B. (1992). Interpersonal effects in computer-mediated interaction: A relational perspective. Communication Research, 19(1), 52–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365092019001003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, H. Z., & Chang, S. M. (2002). The commodification of international marriages: Cross‐border marriage business in Taiwan and Viet Nam. International Migration, 40(6), 93–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00224CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, P. (2017). Inventing traditions: Television dating shows in the People’s Republic of China. Media, Culture & Society, 39(4), 504–519. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443716648493CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, L. M., Moorman, J. D., & Grower, P. (2019). Entertainment media’s role in the sexual socialization of Western youth: A review of research from 2000–2017. In Lamb, S. & Gilbert, J. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of sexual development: Childhood and adolescence (pp. 395–418). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
West, E. (2004). Greeting cards: Individuality and authenticity in mass culture [Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania]. ProQuest. www.proquest.com/docview/305146127Google Scholar
Westmyer, S. A., DiCioccio, R. L., & Rubin, R. B. (1998). Appropriateness and effectiveness of communication channels in competent interpersonal communication. Journal of Communication, 48(3), 27–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1998.tb02758.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, J. E. (1997). Discourses on death: Obituaries and the management of spoiled identity. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 34(4), 301–319. https://doi.org/10.2190/ARM6-MQER-CYPV-T3W5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willoughby, B. J., & Leonhardt, N. D. (2020). Behind closed doors: Individual and joint pornography use among romantic couples. The Journal of Sex Research, 57(1), 77–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2018.1541440CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woll, S. B. (1986). So many to choose from: Decision strategies in videodating. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 3(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407586031004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woll, S. B., & Cozby, P. C. (1987). Videodating and other alternatives to traditional methods of relationship initiation. In Jones, W. H. & Perlman, D. (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships (Vol. 1, pp. 69–108). JAI Press.Google Scholar
Woll, S. B., & Young, P. (1989). Looking for Mr. or Ms. Right: Self-presentation in videodating. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51(2), 483–488. https://doi.org/10.2307/352509CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, P. J., Tokunaga, R. S., Kraus, A., & Klann, E. (2017). Pornography consumption and satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Human Communication Research, 43(3), 315–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12108CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyss, E. L. (2008). From the bridal letter to online flirting: Changes in text type from the nineteenth century to the Internet era. Journal of Historical Pragmatics, 9(2), 225–254. https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.9.2.04wysGoogle Scholar
Zhou, N., Yau, O. H., & Lin, L. (1997). For love or money: A longitudinal content analysis of Chinese personal advertisements, 1984–1995. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 19(2), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.1997.10524438CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zillmann, D., & Bhatia, A. (1989). Effects of associating with musical genres on heterosexual attraction. Communication Research, 16(2), 263–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365089016002005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1982). Pornography, sexual callousness, and the trivialization of rape. Journal of Communication, 32(4), 10–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1982.tb02514.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1985). Affect, mood, and emotion as determinants of selective exposure. In Zillmann, D. & Bryant, J. (Eds.), Selective exposure to communication (pp. 157–190). Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Zurbriggen, E. L., & Morgan, E. M. (2006). Who wants to marry a millionaire? Reality dating television programs, attitudes toward sex, and sexual behaviors. Sex Roles, 54(1–2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-8865-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×