Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T00:56:50.920Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

15 - Pharmacological Treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: A Transdiagnostic Perspective

from Section 2 - Practical Aspects of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2018

Leonardo F. Fontenelle
Affiliation:
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Murat Yücel
Affiliation:
Monash University, Victoria
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Haro, JM, Ayuso-Mateos, JL, Bitter, I, et al. ROAMER: roadmap for mental health research in Europe. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2014;23(S1):114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Insel, T, Cuthbert, B, Garvey, M, et al. Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(7):748751.Google Scholar
Hollander, E, Braun, A, Simeon, D. Should OCD leave the anxiety disorders in DSM-V? The case for obsessive compulsive-related disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25(4):317329.Google Scholar
Stein, DJ, Kogan, CS, Atmaca, M, et al. The classification of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders in the ICD-11. J Affect Disord. 2016;190:663674.Google Scholar
Fineberg, NA, Menchon, JM, Zohar, J, Veltman, DJ. Compulsivity: a new trans-diagnostic research domain for the Roadmap for Mental Health Research in Europe (ROAMER) and Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiatives. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26(5):797799.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollander, E, Doernberg, E, Shavitt, R, et al. The cost and impact of compulsivity: a research perspective. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26(5):800809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marras, A, Fineberg, N, Pallanti, S. Obsessive compulsive and related disorders: comparing DSM-5 and ICD-11. CNS Spectr. 2016;21(4):324333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fineberg, NA, Baldwin, DS, Menchon, JM, et al. Manifesto for a European research network into obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;23(7):561568.Google Scholar
Lochner, C, Fineberg, NA, Zohar, J, et al. Comorbidity in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a report from the International College of Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS). Compr Psychiatry. 2014;55(7):15131519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Vries, FE, Cath, DC, Hoogendoorn, AW, et al. Tic-related versus tic-free obsessive-compulsive disorder: clinical picture and 2-year natural course. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(10):e1240e1247.Google Scholar
Kaur, S, Wikramanayake, M, Kolli, S, et al. Autistic spectrum disorder in adults with obsessive compulsive disorder: results from a UK survey. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26(5):886887.Google Scholar
Darrow, SM, Hirschtritt, ME, Davis, LK, et al. Identification of two heritable cross-disorder endophenotypes for Tourette syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;174(4):387396.Google Scholar
Dell’Osso, B, Benatti, B, Buoli, M, et al. The influence of age at onset and duration of illness on long-term outcome in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a report from the International College of Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS). Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;23(8):865871.Google Scholar
Fineberg, NA, Hengartner, MP, Bergbaum, C, Gale, T, Rössler, W, Angst, J. Remission of obsessive-compulsive disorders and syndromes; evidence from a prospective community cohort study over thirty years. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2013;17(3):179187.Google Scholar
Fineberg, NA, Gale, TM. Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of obsessive compulsive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;8(1):107129.Google Scholar
Fineberg, NA, Brown, A, Reghunandanan, S, Pampaloni, I. Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012;15(8):11731191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, DJ, Fineberg, N, Reghunandanan, S. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press; 2015.Google ScholarPubMed
Hollander, E, Stein, DJ, Fineberg, NA, Marteau, F, Legault, M. Quality of life outcomes in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: relationship to treatment response and symptom relapse. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(6):784792.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, DJ, Andersen, EW, Tonnoir, B, Fineberg, N. Escitalopram in obsessive–compulsive disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled, paroxetine-referenced, fixed-dose, 24-week study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23(4):701711.Google Scholar
Tenney, NH, Denys, DA, van Megen, HJ, Glas, G, Westenberg, HG. Effect of a pharmacological intervention on quality of life in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003;18(1):2933.Google Scholar
Soomro, GM, Altman, D, Rajagopal, S, Oakley-Browne, M. Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) versus placebo for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;1:CD001765.Google Scholar
McGuire, JF, Piacentini, J, Lewin, AB, Brennan, EA, Murphy, TK, Storch, EA. A meta-analysis of cognitive behavior therapy and medication for child obsessive-compulsive disorder: moderators of treatment efficacy, response, and remission. Depress Anxiety. 2015;32(8):580593.Google Scholar
Skapinakis, P, Caldwell, DM, Hollingworth, W, et al. Pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions for management of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(8):730739.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foa, EB, Steketee, G, Kozak, MJ, Dugger, D. Effects of imipramine on depression and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Psychiatry Res. 1987;21(2):123136.Google Scholar
Volavka, J, Neziroglu, F, Yaryura-Tobias, JA. Clomipramine and imipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 1985;14(1):8593.Google Scholar
Insel, TR, Murphy, DL, Cohen, RM, Alterman, I, Kilts, C, Linnoila, M. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. A double-blind trial of clomipramine and clorgyline. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983;40(6):605612.Google Scholar
Jenike, MA, Baer, L, Minichiello, WE, Rauch, SL, Buttolph, ML. Placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine and phenelzine for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154(9):12611264.Google Scholar
Ananth, J, Pecknold, JC, Van Den Steen, N, Engelsmann, F. Double-blind comparative study of clomipramine and amitriptyline in obsessive neurosis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol. 1981;5(3):257262.Google Scholar
Thoren, P, Asberg, M, Cronholm, B, Jornestedt, L, Traskman, L. Clomipramine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. I. A controlled clinical trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980;37(11):12811285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDougle, CJ, Price, LH, Goodman, WK, Charney, DS, Heninger, GR. A controlled trial of lithium augmentation in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: lack of efficacy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1991;11(3):175184.Google Scholar
Pigott, TA, L’Heureux, F, Hill, JL, Bihari, K, Bernstein, SE, Murphy, DL. A double-blind study of adjuvant buspirone hydrochloride in clomipramine-treated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1992;12(1):1118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, DJ, Hollander, E, Mullen, LS, DeCaria, CM, Liebowitz, MR. Comparison of clomipramine, alprazolam and placebo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin. 1992;7(6):389395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hewlett, WA, Vinogradov, S, Agras, WS. Clomipramine, clonazepam, and clonidine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1992;12(6):420430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hollander, E, Kaplan, A, Stahl, SM. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of clonazepam in obsessive-compulsive disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2003;4(1):3034.Google Scholar
Crockett, BA, Churchill, E, Davidson, JR. A double-blind combination study of clonazepam with sertraline in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2004;16(3):127132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fineberg, NA, Hengartner, MP, Bergbaum, C, Gale, T, Rössler, W, Angst, J. Lifetime comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and sub-threshold obsessive-compulsive symptomatology in the community: impact, prevalence, socio-demographic and clinical characteristics. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2013;17(3):188196.Google Scholar
Hoehn-Saric, R, Ninan, P, Black, DW, et al. Multicenter double-blind comparison of sertraline and desipramine for concurrent obsessive-compulsive and major depressive disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(1):7682.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bloch, MH, Landeros-Weisenberger, A, Kelmendi, B, Coric, V, Bracken, MB, Leckman, JF. A systematic review: antipsychotic augmentation with treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11(7):622632.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abramovitch, A, Dar, R, Mittelman, A, Schweiger A. Don’t judge a book by its cover: ADHD-like symptoms in obsessive compulsive disorder. J Obsessive-Compuls Relat Disord. 2013;2(1):5361.Google Scholar
King, J, Dowling, N, Leow, F. Methylphenidate in the treatment of an adolescent female with obsessive-compulsive disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a case report. Australas Psychiatry. 2016;25(2):178180.Google Scholar
Taormina, SP, Galloway, MP, Rosenberg, DR. Treatment efficacy of combined sertraline and guanfacine in comorbid obsessive–compulsive disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: two case studies. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2016;37(6):491495.Google Scholar
The Clomipramine Collaborative Study Group. Clomipramine in the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48(8):730738.Google Scholar
De Veaugh-Geiss, J, Landau, P, Katz, R. Treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder with clomipramine. Psychiatr Ann. 1989; 19(2):9799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Issaria, Y, Jakubovski, E, Bartley, CA, Pittenger, C, Bloch, MH. Early onset of response with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016;77(5):e605e611.Google Scholar
Da Conceição Costa, DL, Shavitt, RG, Cesar, RC, et al. Can early improvement be an indicator of treatment response in obsessive-compulsive disorder? Implications for early-treatment decision-making. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(11):17001707.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, S, Hackett, E, Duboff, E, et al. A 2-year study of sertraline in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997;12(6):309316.Google Scholar
Koran, LM, Sallee, FR, Pallanti, S. Rapid benefit of intravenous pulse loading of clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154(3):396401.Google Scholar
Bloch, MH, McGuire, J, Landeros-Weisenberger, A, Leckman, JF, Pittenger, C. Meta-analysis of the dose–response relationship of SSRI in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2010;15(8):850855.Google Scholar
Baldwin, DS, Anderson, IM, Nutt, DJ, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2005;19(6):567596.Google Scholar
Baldwin, DS, Anderson, IM, Nutt, DJ, et al. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2014;28(5):403439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2007.Google Scholar
Andrews, G. Placebo response in depression: bane of research, boon to therapy. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178(3):192194.Google Scholar
Grady, TA, Pigott, TA, L’Heureux, F, Hill, JL, Bernstein, SE, Murphy, DL. Double-blind study of adjuvant buspirone for fluoxetine-treated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(5):819821.Google Scholar
Sugarman, MA, Kirsch, I, Huppert, JD. Obsessive-compulsive disorder has a reduced placebo (and antidepressant) response compared to other anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2017;218:217226.Google Scholar
De la Fuente-Fernández, R, Ruth, TJ, Sossi, V, Schulzer, M, Calne, DB, Stoessl, AJ. Expectation and dopamine release: mechanism of the placebo effect in Parkinson’s disease. Science. 2001;293(5532):11641166.Google Scholar
Enck, P, Benedetti, F, Schedlowski, M. New insights into the placebo and nocebo responses. Neuron. 2008;59(2):195206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, DJ, Stohler, CS, Egnatuk, CM, Wang, H, Koeppe, RA, Zubieta, JK. Placebo and nocebo effects are defined by opposite opioid and dopaminergic responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(2):220231.Google Scholar
Figee, M, de Koning, P, Klaassen, S, et al. Deep brain stimulation induces striatal dopamine release in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;75(8):647652.Google Scholar
Fineberg, NA, Chamberlain, SR, Goudriaan, AE, et al. New developments in human neurocognition: clinical, genetic, and brain imaging correlates of impulsivity and compulsivity. CNS Spectr. 2014;19(1):6989.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumgarten, HG, Grozdanovic, Z. Role of serotonin in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 1998;(35):1320.Google Scholar
El Mansari, M, Blier, P. Mechanisms of action of current and potential pharmacotherapies of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuro-psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006;30(3):362373.Google Scholar
Moreno, FA, Wiegand, CB, Taitano, EK, Delgado, PL. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of psilocybin in 9 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(11):17351740.Google Scholar
Skoog, G, Skoog, I. A 40-year follow-up of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56(2):121127.Google Scholar
Eisen, JL, Sibrava, NJ, Boisseau, CL, et al. Five-year course of obsessive-compulsive disorder: predictors of remission and relapse. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(3):233239.Google Scholar
Fineberg, NA, Pampaloni, I, Pallanti, S, Ipser, J, Stein, DJ. Sustained response versus relapse: the pharmacotherapeutic goal for obsessive–compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;22(6):313322.Google Scholar
Fineberg, NA, Reghunandanan, S, Brown, A, Pampaloni, I. Pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence-based treatment and beyond. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2013;47(2):121141.Google Scholar
Santana, L, Versiani, M, Mendlowicz, MV, Fontenelle, LF. Predictors of adherence among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder undergoing naturalistic pharmacotherapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;30(1):8688.Google Scholar
Menchón, JM, van Ameringen, M, Dell’Osso, B, et al. Standards of care for obsessive-compulsive disorder centres. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2016;20(3):204208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Micali, N, Heyman, I, Perez, M, et al. Long-term outcomes of obsessive-compulsive disorder: follow-up of 142 children and adolescents. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197(2):128134.Google Scholar
Reddy, YC, Alur, AM, Manjunath, S, Kandavel, T, Math, SB. Long-term follow-up study of patients with serotonin reuptake inhibitor-nonresponsive obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;30(3):267272.Google Scholar
Garcia, AM, Sapyta, JJ, Moore, PS, et al. Predictors and moderators of treatment outcome in the Pediatric Obsessive Compulsive Treatment Study (POTS I). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49(10):10241033.Google Scholar
Storch, EA, Milsom, VA, Merlo, LJ, et al. Insight in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: associations with clinical presentation. Psychiatry Res. 2008;160(2):212220.Google Scholar
Storch, EA, Merlo, LJ, Larson, MJ, et al. Impact of comorbidity on cognitive-behavioral therapy response in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47(5):583592.Google Scholar
Baer, L, Jenike, MA. Personality disorders in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1992;15(4):803812.Google Scholar
Baer, L, Jenike, MA, Black, DW, Treece, C, Rosenfeld, R, Greist, J. Effect of axis II diagnoses on treatment outcome with clomipramine in 55 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49(11):862866.Google Scholar
Jenike, MA, Baer, L, Minichiello, WE, Schwartz, CE, Carey, RJ Jr. Concomitant obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizotypal personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143(4):530532.Google Scholar
Erzegovesi, S, Cavallini, MC, Cavedini, P, Diaferia, G, Locatelli, M, Bellodi, L. Clinical predictors of drug response in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001;21(5):488492.Google Scholar
McDougle, CJ, Goodman, WK, Leckman, JF, Barr, LC, Heninger, GR, Price, LH. The efficacy of fluvoxamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: effects of comorbid chronic tic disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1993;13(5):354358.Google Scholar
Hazari, N, Narayanaswamy, JC, Arumugham, SS. Predictors of response to serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Expert Rev Neurother. 2016;16(10):11751191.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leckman, JF, Rauch, SL, Mataix-Cols, D. Symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder: implications for the DSM-V. CNS Spectr. 2007;12(5):376387, 400.Google Scholar
Bloch, MH, Craiglow, BG, Landeros-Weisenberger, A, et al. Predictors of early adult outcomes in pediatric-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Pediatrics. 2009; 124(4):10851093.Google Scholar
Conelea, CA, Walther, MR, Freeman, JB, et al. Tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): phenomenology and treatment outcome in the Pediatric OCD Treatment Study II. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53(12):13081316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Højgaard, DR, Skarphedinsson, G, Nissen, JB, Hybel, KA, Ivarsson, T, Thomsen, PH. Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder with tic symptoms: clinical presentation and treatment outcome. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017; 26(6):681689.Google Scholar
Bloch, MH, Bartley, CA, Zipperer, L, et al. Meta-analysis: hoarding symptoms associated with poor treatment outcome in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19(9):10251030.Google Scholar
Mataix-Cols, D, Rauch, SL, Manzo, PA, Jenike, MA, Baer, L. Use of factor-analyzed symptom dimensions to predict outcome with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and placebo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(9):14091416.Google Scholar
Landeros-Weisenberger, A, Bloch, MH, Kelmendi, B, et al. Dimensional predictors of response to SRI pharmacotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Affect Disord. 2010;121(1–2):175179.Google Scholar
Koran, LM, Simpson, HB. Guideline Watch (March 2013): Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.Google Scholar
Ninan, PT, Koran, LM, Kiev, A, et al. High-dose sertraline strategy for nonresponders to acute treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a multicenter double-blind trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(1):1522.Google Scholar
Fineberg, NA, Reghunandanan, S, Simpson, HB, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): practical strategies for pharmacological and somatic treatment in adults. Psychiatry Res. 2015;227(1):114125.Google Scholar
Khalsa, SS, Schiffman, JE, Bystritsky, A. Treatment-resistant OCD: options beyond first-line medications. Curr Psychiatr. 2011;10(11):45.Google Scholar
Connor, KM, Payne, VM, Gadde, KM, Zhang, W, Davidson, JR. The use of aripiprazole in obsessive-compulsive disorder: preliminary observations in 8 patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005; 66(1):4951.Google Scholar
Ercan, ES, Ardic, UA, Ercan, E, Yuce, D, Durak, S. A promising preliminary study of aripiprazole for treatment-resistant childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25(7):580584.Google Scholar
Skapinakis, P, Papatheodorou, T, Mavreas, V. Antipsychotic augmentation of serotonergic antidepressants in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007;17(2):7993.Google Scholar
Vulink, NC, Denys, D, Fluitman, SB, Meinardi, JC, Westenberg, HG. Quetiapine augments the effect of citalopram in non-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 76 patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(7):1001.Google Scholar
Carey, PD, Lochner, C, Kidd, M, Van Ameringen, M, Stein, DJ, Denys, D. Quetiapine augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment-refractory obsessive–compulsive disorder: is response to treatment predictable? Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;27(6):321325. Available at doi:10.1097/YIC.0b013e3283576881 (accessed April 19, 2017).Google Scholar
Dold, M, Aigner, M, Lanzenberger, R, Kasper, S. Antipsychotic augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;16(3):557574.Google Scholar
Veale, D, Miles, S, Smallcombe, N, Ghezai, H, Goldacre, B, Hodsoll, J. Atypical antipsychotic augmentation in SSRI treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(1):317.Google Scholar
Ducasse, D, Boyer, L, Michel, P, et al. D2 and D3 dopamine receptor affinity predicts effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in obsessive-compulsive disorders: a metaregression analysis. Psychopharmacology. 2014;231(18):37653770.Google Scholar
Marinova, Z, Chuang, DM, Fineberg, N. Glutamate-modulating drugs as a potential therapeutic strategy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2017;15(7):977995.Google Scholar
Insel, TR, Hamilton, JA, Guttmacher, LB, Murphy, DL. D-amphetamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacology. 1983;80(3):231235.Google Scholar
Joffe, RT, Swinson, RP, Levitt, AJ. Acute psychostimulant challenge in primary obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1991;11(4):237241.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, CI, Kegeles, LS, Levinson, A, et al. Randomized controlled crossover trial of ketamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: proof-of-concept. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38(12):24752483.Google Scholar
Koran, LM, Gamel, NN, Choung, HW, Smith, EH, Aboujaoude, EN. Mirtazapine for obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open trial followed by double-blind discontinuation. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(4):515520.Google Scholar
Ghaleiha, A, Entezari, N, Modabbernia, A, et al. Memantine add-on in moderate to severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47(2):175180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haghighi, M, Jahangard, L, Mohammad-Beigi, H, et al. In a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial, adjuvant memantine improved symptoms in inpatients suffering from refractory obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD). Psychopharmacology. 2013;228(4):633640.Google Scholar
Grant, PJ, Joseph, LA, Farmer, CA, et al. 12-week, placebo-controlled trial of add-on riluzole in the treatment of childhood-onset obsessive–compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014;39(6):14531459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pittenger, C, Bloch, MH, Wasylink, S, et al. Riluzole augmentation in treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a pilot randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(8):10751084.Google Scholar
Emamzadehfard, S, Kamaloo, A, Paydary, K, et al. Riluzole in augmentation of fluvoxamine for moderate to severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2016;70(8):332341.Google Scholar
Bruno, A, Micò, U, Pandolfo, G, et al. Lamotrigine augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Psychopharmacol. 2012;26(11):14561462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khalkhali, M, Aram, S, Zarrabi, H, Kafie, M, Heidarzadeh, A. Lamotrigine augmentation versus placebo in serotonin reuptake inhibitors-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Iran J Psychiatry. 2016;11(2):104114.Google Scholar
Afshar, H, Roohafza, H, Mohammad-Beigi, H, et al. N-acetylcysteine add-on treatment in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;32(6):797803.Google Scholar
Sarris, J, Oliver, G, Camfield, DA, et al. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a 16-week, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study. CNS Drugs. 2015;29(9):801809.Google Scholar
Paydary, K, Akamaloo, A, Ahmadipour, A, Pishgar, F, Emamzadehfard, S, Akhondzadeh, S. N-acetylcysteine augmentation therapy for moderate-to-severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2016; 41(2):214219.Google Scholar
Costa, DLC, Diniz, JB, Requena, G, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of n-acetylcysteine augmentation for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78(7):e766e773.Google Scholar
Koran, LM, Aboujaoude, E, Bullock, KD, Franz, B, Gamel, N, Elliott, M. Double-blind treatment with oral morphine in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(3):353359.Google Scholar
Heidari, M, Zarei, M, Hosseini, SM, et al. Ondansetron or placebo in the augmentation of fluvoxamine response over 8 weeks in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;29(6):344350.Google Scholar
Soltani, F, Sayyah, M, Feizy, F, Malayeri, A, Siahpoosh, A, Motlagh, I. A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of ondansetron for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin. 2010;25(6):509513.Google Scholar
Askari, N, Moin, M, Sanati, M, et al. Granisetron adjunct to fluvoxamine for moderate to severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. CNS Drugs. 2012;26(10):883892.Google Scholar
Wu, K, Hanna, GL, Rosenberg, DR, Arnold, PD. The role of glutamate signaling in the pathogenesis and treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2012;100(4):726735.Google Scholar
Ting, JT, Feng, G. Glutamatergic synaptic dysfunction and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Curr Chem Genomics. 2008;2:6275.Google Scholar
Pittenger, C, Bloch, MH, Williams, K. Glutamate abnormalities in obsessive compulsive disorder: neurobiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. Pharmacol Ther. 2011;132(3):314332.Google Scholar
Pauls, DL, Abramovitch, A, Rauch, SL, Geller, DA. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: an integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014;15(6):410424.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, DR, Mirza, Y, Russell, A, Tang, J, Smith, JM, Banerjee, SP, Bhandari, R, Rose, M, Ivey, J, Boyd, C, Moore, GJ. Reduced anterior cingulate glutamatergic concentrations in childhood OCD and major depression versus healthy controls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43(9):1146–53.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, DR, MacMaster, FP, Keshavan, MS, Fitzgerald, KD, Stewart, CM, Moore, GJ. Decrease in caudate glutamatergic concentrations in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder patients taking paroxetine. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000; 39(9):10961103.Google Scholar
Kavirajan, H. Memantine: a comprehensive review of safety and efficacy. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2009;8(1):89109.Google Scholar
Aboujaoude, E, Barry, JJ, Gamel, N. Memantine augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open-label trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29(1):5155.Google Scholar
Bakhla, AK, Verma, V, Soren, S, Sarkhel, S, Chaudhury, S. An open-label trial of memantine in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Ind Psychiatry J. 2013;22(2):149152.Google Scholar
Feusner, JD, Kerwin, L, Saxena, S, Bystritsky, A. Differential efficacy of memantine for obsessive-compulsive disorder vs. generalized anxiety disorder: an open-label trial. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2009;42(1):8193.Google Scholar
Niciu, MJ, Henter, ID, Luckenbaugh, DA, Zarate, CA Jr, Charney, DS. Glutamate receptor antagonists as fast-acting therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of depression: ketamine and other compounds. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014;54:119139.Google Scholar
Price, RB, Nock, MK, Charney, DS, Mathew, SJ. Effects of intravenous ketamine on explicit and implicit measures of suicidality in treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;66(5):522526.Google Scholar
Goodman, WK, Price, LH, Rasmussen, SA, et al. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46(11):10061011.Google Scholar
Bloch, MH, Wasylink, S, Landeros-Weisenberger, A, et al. Effects of ketamine in treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;72(11):964970.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pittenger, C, Coric, V, Banasr, M, Bloch, M, Krystal, JH, Sanacora, G. Riluzole in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders. CNS Drugs. 2008;22(9):761786.Google Scholar
Coric, V, Taskiran, S, Pittenger, C, et al. Riluzole augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive–compulsive disorder: an open-label trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2005; 58(5):424428.Google Scholar
Grant, P, Lougee, L, Hirschtritt, M, Swedo, SE. An open-label trial of riluzole, a glutamate antagonist, in children with treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2007;17(6):761767.Google Scholar
Pittenger, C, Kelmendi, B, Wasylink, S, Bloch, MH, Coric, V. Riluzole augmentation in treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a series of 13 cases, with long-term follow-up. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28(3):363367. Available from: doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181727548 (accessed April 19, 2017).Google Scholar
Sasso, DA, Kalanithi, PS, Trueblood, KV, et al. Beneficial effects of the glutamate-modulating agent riluzole on disordered eating and pathological skin-picking behaviors. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;26(6):685687.Google Scholar
Pittenger, C. Glutamatergic agents for OCD and related disorders. Curr Treat Options Psychiatry. 2015;2(3):271283.Google Scholar
Berlin, HA, Koran, LM, Jenike, MA, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72(5):716721.Google Scholar
Afshar, H, Akuchekian, S, Mahaky, B, Zarean, E. Topiramate augmentation in refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Res Med Sci. 2014;19(10):976981. Available from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4274576/ (accessed April 19, 2017).Google Scholar
Kemp, DE, Gilmer, WS, Fleck, J, Dago, PL. An association of intrusive, repetitive phrases with lamotrigine treatment in bipolar II disorder. CNS Spectr. 2007;12(2):106111.Google Scholar
Kuloglu, M, Caykoylu, A, Ekinci, O, Yilmaz, E. Lamotrigine-induced obsessional symptoms in a patient with bipolar II disorder: a case report. J Psychopharmacol. 2009;23(8):10011003.Google Scholar
Ozkara, C, Ozmen, M, Erdogan, A, Yalug, I. Topiramate related obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Psychiatry. 2005;20(1):7879.Google Scholar
Thuile, J, Even, C, Guelfi, JD. Topiramate may induce obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2006;60(3):394.Google Scholar
Kreek, MJ. Methadone-related opioid agonist pharmacotherapy for heroin addiction. History, recent molecular and neurochemical research and future in mainstream medicine. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;909:186216.Google Scholar
Srisurapanont, M, Jarusuraisin, N. Naltrexone for the treatment of alcoholism: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;8(2):267280.Google Scholar
Lee, YK, Park, SW, Kim, YK, et al. Effects of naltrexone on the ethanol-induced changes in the rat central dopaminergic system. Alcohol Alcohol. 2005;40(4):297301.Google Scholar
Kim, SW. Opioid antagonists in the treatment of impulse-control disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(4):159164.Google Scholar
Kim, SW, Grant, JE, Adson, DE, Shin, YC. Double-blind naltrexone and placebo comparison study in the treatment of pathological gambling. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49(11):914921.Google Scholar
Grant, JE, Kim, SW. A case of kleptomania and compulsive sexual behavior treated with naltrexone. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2001;13(4):229231.Google Scholar
Grant, JE, Kim, SW. An open-label study of naltrexone in the treatment of kleptomania. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63(4):349356.Google Scholar
Sandyk, R. Naloxone abolishes obsessive-compulsive behavior in Tourette’s syndrome. Int J Neurosci. 1987;35(1–2):9394.Google Scholar
Keuler, DJ, Altemus, M, Michelson, D, Greenberg, B, Murphy, DL. Behavioral effects of naloxone infusion in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;40(2):154156.Google Scholar
Insel, TR, Pickar, D. Naloxone administration in obsessive compulsive disorder: report of two cases. Am J Psychiatry. 1983;140(9):12191220.Google Scholar
Amiaz, R, Fostick, L, Gershon, A, Zohar, J. Naltrexone augmentation in OCD: a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;18(6):455461.Google Scholar
Shapira, NA, Keck, PE Jr, Goldsmith, TD, McConville, BJ, Eis, M, McElroy, SL. Open-label pilot study of tramadol hydrochloride in treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety. 1997;6(4):170173.3.0.CO;2-G>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hewlett, WA, Schmid, SP, Salomon, RM. Pilot trial of ondansetron in the treatment of 8 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(9):10251030.Google Scholar
Pallanti, S, Bernardi, S, Antonini, S, Singh, N, Hollander, E. Ondansetron augmentation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who are inadequate responders to serotonin reuptake inhibitors: improvement with treatment and worsening following discontinuation. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24(3):375380.Google Scholar
Toren, P, Weizman, A, Ratner, S, Cohen, D, Laor, N. Ondansetron treatment in Tourette’s disorder: a 3-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(4):499503.Google Scholar
Transcept Pharmaceuticals. Efficacy and safety study of low-dose ondansetron for adjunctive therapy in adult patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. NCT01275248; 2011. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01275248 (accessed July 13, 2018).Google Scholar
Koran, LM, Aboujaoude, E, Gamel, NN. Double-blind study of dextroamphetamine versus caffeine augmentation for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(11):15301535.Google Scholar
Perugi, G, Giannotti, D, Di Vaio, S, Frare, F, Saettoni, M, Cassano, GB. Fluvoxamine in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder (dysmorphobia). Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;11(4):247254.Google Scholar
Phillips, KA. An open-label study of escitalopram in body dysmorphic disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006;21(3):177179.Google Scholar
Phillips, KA, Dwight, MM, McElroy, SL. Efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(4):165171.Google Scholar
Phillips, KA, Najjar, F. An open-label study of citalopram in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(6):715720.Google Scholar
Phillips, KA, Albertini, RS, Rasmussen, SA. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(4):381388.Google Scholar
Phillips, KA, Keshaviah, A, Dougherty, DD, Stout, RL, Menard, W, Wilhelm, S. Pharmacotherapy relapse prevention in body dysmorphic disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(9):887895.Google Scholar
Rashid, H, Khan, AA, Fineberg, NA. Adjunctive antipsychotic in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder – a retrospective naturalistic case note study. Int J Psychiatry Clin Practice. 2015;19(2):8489.Google Scholar
Hollander, E, Allen, A, Kwon, J, et al. Clomipramine vs desipramine crossover trial in body dysmorphic disorder: selective efficacy of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor in imagined ugliness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56(11):10331039.Google Scholar
Ipser, JC, Sander, C, Stein, DJ. Pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;1:CD005473.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Core Interventions in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Clinical Guideline CG31. London: NICE; 2006.Google Scholar
Phillips, KA, Albertini, RS, Siniscalchi, JM, Khan, A, Robinson, M. Effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a chart-review study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(9):721727.Google Scholar
Phillips, KA. Placebo-controlled study of pimozide augmentation of fluoxetine in body dysmorphic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(2):377379.Google Scholar
Uzun, Ӧ, Ӧzdemir, B. Aripriprazole as an augmentation agent in treatment-resistant body dysmorphic disorder. Clin Drug Investig. 2010;30(10):707710.Google Scholar
Morein-Zamir, S, Papmeyer, M, Pertusa, A, et al. The profile of executive function in OCD hoarders and hoarding disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2014;215(3):659667.Google Scholar
Saxena, S. Pharmocotherapy of compulsive hoarding. J Clin Psychol. 2011;67(5):477484.Google Scholar
Saxena, S, Brody, AL, Maidment, KM, Baxter, LR Jr. Paroxetine treatment of compulsive hoarding. J Psychiatr Res. 2007;41(6):481487.Google Scholar
Denys, D, van Megen, HJ, van der Wee, N, Westenberg, HG. A double-blind switch study of paroxetine and venlafaxine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(1):3743.Google Scholar
Denys, D, Van Nieuwerburgh, F, Deforce, D, Westenberg, HG. Prediction of response to paroxetine and venlafaxine by serotonin-related genes in obsessive-compulsive disorder in a randomized, double-blind trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(5):747753.Google Scholar
Saxena, S, Sumner, J. Venlafaxine extended-release treatment of hoarding disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;29(5):266273.Google Scholar
Bogan, AM, Koran, LM, Chuong, HW, Vapnik, T, Bystritsky, A. Quetiapine augmentation in obsessive-compulsive disorder resistant to serotonin reuptake inhibitors: an open-label study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(1):7379.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, CI, Bender, J Jr, Morrison, S, Mehendru, R, Tolin, D, Simpson, HB. Does extended release methylphenidate help adults with hoarding disorder?: a case series. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2013;33(3):444447.Google Scholar
Swedo, SE, Leonard, HL, Rapoport, JL, Lenane, MC, Goldberger, EL, Cheslow, DL. A double-blind comparison of clomipramine and desipramine in the treatment of trichotillomania (hair pulling). N Engl J Med. 1989;321(8):497501.Google Scholar
Swedo, SE, Lenane, MC, Leonard, HL. Long-term treatment of trichotillomania (hair pulling). N Engl J Med. 1993;329(2):141142.Google Scholar
Gadde, KM, Ryan Wagner, H 2nd, Connor, KM, Foust, MS. Escitalopram treatment of trichotillomania. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;22(1):3942.Google Scholar
Koran, LM, Ringold, A, Hewlett, W. Fluoxetine for trichotillomania: an open clinical trial. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1992;28(2):145149.Google Scholar
Stein, DJ, Bouwer, C, Maud, CM. Use of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram in treatment of trichotillomania. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997;247(4):234236.Google Scholar
Christenson, GA, Mackenzie, TB, Mitchell, JE, Callies, AL. A placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study of fluoxetine in trichotillomania. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148(11):15661571.Google Scholar
Streichenwein, SM, Thornby, JI. A long-term, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(8):11921196.Google Scholar
Dougherty, DD, Loh, R, Jenike, MA, Keuthen, NJ. Single modality versus dual modality treatment for trichotillomania: sertraline, behavioral therapy, or both? J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(7):10861092.Google Scholar
Rothbart, R, Amos, T, Siegfried, N, et al. Pharmacotherapy for trichotillomania. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;11:CD007662.Google Scholar
Pollard, CA, Ibe, IO, Krojanker, DN, Kitchen, AD, Bronson, SS, Flynn, TM. Clomipramine treatment of trichotillomania: a follow-up report on four cases. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991;52(3):128130.Google Scholar
Ninan, PT, Rothbaum, BO, Marsteller, FA, Knight, BT, Eccard, MB. A placebo-controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy and clomipramine in trichotillomania. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(1):4750.Google Scholar
Van Ameringen, M, Mancini, C, Patterson, B, Bennett, M, Oakman, J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine in the treatment of trichotillomania. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(10):13361343.Google Scholar
White, MP, Koran, LM. Open-label trial of aripiprazole in the treatment of trichotillomania. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011;31(4):503506.Google Scholar
Stein, DJ, Hollander, E. Low-dose pimozide augmentation of serotonin reuptake blockers in the treatment of trichotillomania. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992;53(4):123126.Google Scholar
De Sousa, A. An open-label pilot study of naltrexone in childhood-onset trichotillomania. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008;18(1):3033.Google Scholar
Grant, JE, Odlaug, BL, Schreiber, LR, Kim, SW. The opiate antagonist, naltrexone, in the treatment of trichotillomania: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;34(1):134138.Google Scholar
Grant, JE, Odlaug, BL, Kim, SW. N-acetylcysteine, a glutamate modulator, in the treatment of trichotillomania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(7):756763.Google Scholar
Bloch, MH, Panza, KE, Grant, JE, Pittenger, C, Leckman, JF. N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of pediatric trichotillomania: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled add-on trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;52(3):231240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Panza, KE, Pittenger, C, Bloch, MH. Age and gender correlates of pulling in pediatric trichotillomania. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;52(3):241249.Google Scholar
Simeon, D, Stein, DJ, Gross, S, Islam, N, Schmeidler, J, Hollander, E. A double-blind trial of fluoxetine in pathologic skin picking. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(8):341347.Google Scholar
Bloch, MR, Elliott, M, Thompson, H, Koran, LM. Fluoxetine in pathologic skin-picking: open-label and double-blind results. Psychosomatics. 2001;42(4):314319.Google Scholar
Arnold, LM, Mutasim, DF, Dwight, MM, Lamerson, CL, Morris, EM, McElroy, SL. An open clinical trial of fluvoxamine treatment of psychogenic excoriation. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19(1):1518.Google Scholar
Keuthen, NJ, Jameson, M, Loh, R, Deckersbach, T, Wilhelm, S, Dougherty, DD. Open-label escitalopram treatment for pathological skin picking. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;22(5):268274.Google Scholar
Arbabi, M, Farnia, V, Balighi, K, et al. Efficacy of citalopram in treatment of pathological skin picking: a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. Acta Medica Iranica. 2008;46(5):367372.Google Scholar
Grant, JE, Chamberlain, SR, Redden, SA, Leppink, EW, Odlaug, BL, Kim, SW. N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of excoriation disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(5):490496.Google Scholar
Morgan, JR, Storch, EA, Woods, DW, Bodzin, D, Lewin, AB, Murphy, TK. A preliminary analysis of the phenomenology of skin-picking in Prader-Willi syndrome. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2010;41(4):448463.Google Scholar
Grant, JE, Odlaug, BL, Kim, SW. Lamotrigine treatment of pathologic skin picking: an open-label study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(9):13841391.Google Scholar
Grant, JE, Odlaug, BL, Chamberlain, SR, Kim, SW. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of lamotrigine for pathological skin picking: treatment efficacy and neurocognitive predictors of response. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;30(4):396403.Google Scholar
Benjamin, E, Buot-Smith, T. Naltrexone and fluoxetine in Prader-Willi syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993;32(4):870873.Google Scholar
Brakoulias, V. The future of pharmacotherapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder may lie in a better understanding of its heterogeneity. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014;15(10):13211323.Google Scholar
Phillips, KA, Hollander, E, Rasmussen, SA, Aronowitz, BR, Decaria, C, Goodman, WK. A severity rating scale for body dysmorphic disorder: development, reliability, and validity of a modified version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1997;33(1):1722.Google Scholar
Abramowitz, JS, Deacon, BJ, Olatunji, BO, et al. Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions: development and evaluation of the Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Psychol Assess. 2010;22(1):180198.Google Scholar
Keuthen, NJ, O’Sullivan, RL, Ricciardi, JN, et al. The Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Hairpulling Scale: 1. development and factor analyses. Psychother Psychosom. 1995;64(3–4):141145.Google Scholar
Tolin, DF, Frost, RO, Steketee, G. A brief interview for assessing compulsive hoarding: the Hoarding Rating Scale-Interview. Psychiatry Res. 2010;178(1):147152.Google Scholar
Foa, EB, Huppert, JD, Leiberg, S, et al. The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory: development and validation of a short version. Psychol Assess. 2002;14(4):485496.Google Scholar
Winchel, RM, Jones, JS, Molcho, A, Parsons, B, Stanley, B, Stanley, M. The Psychiatric Institute Trichotillomania Scale (PITS). Psychopharmacol Bull. 1992;28(4):463476.Google Scholar
Frost, RO, Steketee, G, Grisham, J. Measurement of compulsive hoarding: saving inventory-revised. Behav Res Ther. 2004;42(10):11631182.Google Scholar
Keuthen, NJ, Wilhelm, S, Deckersbach, T, et al. The Skin Picking Scale: scale construction and psychometric analyses. J Psychosom Res. 2001;50(6):337341.Google Scholar
Stanley, MA, Breckenridge, JK, Snyder, AG, Novy, DM. Clinician-rated measures of hair pulling: a preliminary psychometric evaluation. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 1999;21(2):157170.Google Scholar
Stanley, MA, Prather, RC, Wagner, AL, Davis, ML, Swann, AC. Can the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale be used to assess trichotillomania? A preliminary report. Behav Res Ther. 1993;31(2):171177.Google Scholar
Rosario-Campos, MC, Miguel, EC, Quatrano, S, et al. The Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS): an instrument for assessing obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11(5):495504.Google Scholar
LeBeau, RT, Mischel, ER, Simpson, HB, et al. Preliminary assessment of obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder scales for DSM-5. J Obsessive-Compuls Relat Disord. 2013;2(2):114118.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×