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Results from Pilot Archaeological Fieldwork at the Carrazedo Site, Lower Xingu River, Amazonia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Anna T. Browne Ribeiro ,
Helena P. Lima ,
Fernando L. T. Marques ,
Morgan J. Schmidt  and
Kevin S. McDaniel
Anna T. Browne Ribeiro
Affiliation:
University of Louisville, Kentucky, Department of Anthropology, Louisville, KY 40292; , Programa de Capacitação Institucional, Ministério de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação(abrowneribeiro@gmail.com)
Helena P. Lima
Affiliation:
Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Coordenação de Ciências Humanas, Av. Perimetral 1901, Terra Firme. Belém- Pará, Cep: 66.070-530, Brasil
Fernando L. T. Marques
Affiliation:
Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Coordenação de Ciências Humanas, Av. Perimetral 1901, Terra Firme. Belém- Pará, Cep: 66.070-530, Brasil
Morgan J. Schmidt
Affiliation:
Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Coordenação de Ciências Humanas, Av. Perimetral 1901, Terra Firme. Belém- Pará, Cep: 66.070-530, Brasil
Kevin S. McDaniel
Affiliation:
University of Florida Turnlington Hall, Room 1112, P.O. Box 117305, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Abstract

Increasingly, archaeological research in Amazonia is revealing complex precolonial occupation in areas around riverine confluences. In 2014, the first site-based archaeological investigations were undertaken in Gurupá, Pará, Brazil, a municipality that spans the region of the Xingu-Amazon confluence. The Portuguese controlled access to Amazonia from 1623 onward through a network of settlements organized around Gurupá. Results from extensive excavations of terra preta sites, landscape archaeology, and analysis of ceramic evidence suggest that this was also a precolonial crossroads. Carrazedo, once a booming historical town (Arapijó), sits atop a significantly larger terra preta site. Excavations in historical and precolonial sectors of Carrazedo found well-preserved remains, including a precolonial house terrace complex. The extent of terra preta and earthworks at Carrazedo indicate that the precolonial occupation was more intensive than the colonial-historical period occupation. Regional survey revealed colonial-historical period sites consistently overlying expansive precolonial sites, the density and extent of which suggest a major precolonial center at the Xingu-Amazon confluence. Overall, ecological and landscape modifications appear to have been more intense in the precolonial past than during later periods. Short- and long-distance settlement networks also differed during the two periods. This as-of-yet understudied region promises to shed new light on deep-time human-environment interactions and spatial organization in the humid tropics of Amazonia.

Resumen

Resumen

Cada vez mais pesquisas arqueológicas na Amazônia têm revelado ocupações pré-coloniais complexas nas confluências de grandes rios. Em 2014, foram desenvolvidas as primeiras investigações arqueológicas acadêmicas em Gurupá/Pará/Brasil, um município localizado na confluência dos rios Xingu e Amazonas. Entre os séculos XVII e XIX, os Portugueses controlaram o acesso à Amazonia através de uma complexa rede de assentamentos organizada no entorno de Gurupáá. Extensos sítios de Terra Preta, assim como evidências da paisagem e da cerâmica sugerem que este local foi uma importante encruzilhada também no período pré-colonial. Carrazedo, uma importante cidade histórica (Arapijó) está situada sobre um grande sítio de Terra Preta. Escavações nos setores histórico e pré-colonial no sítio evidenciaram vestígios em boas condições de preservação, inclusive um complexo de terraços associados à atividades domésticas. A extensão da terra preta e das áreas que envolvem construções e movimentações de terra sugerem que a ocupação pré-colonial foi mais intensa do que a ocupação colonial/histórica. Levantamentos regionais revelaram que os sítios de habitação históricos e contemporâneos se sobrepõem a extensos sítios pré-coloniais, cuja densidade e tamanho sugerem a existência de importantes centro culturais pré-coloniais na confluência dos rios Xingu e Amazonas. De modo geral, as modificações ecológicas e construções paisagísticas parecem ter sido mais intensas no passado pré-colonial do que nas ocupações históricas subsequentes, e resultados preliminares das análises espaciais e cerâmicas apontam diferenças nas redes de assentamentos locais e regionais relacionadas a estes dois períodos distintos. Assim sendo, esta região pouco estudada se mostra promissora para investigações sobre a história profunda da Amazônia, organização espacial e as interações homem-ambiente nos trópicos húmidos.

Type
Articles
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 27 , Issue 3 , September 2016 , pp. 318 - 339
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2016

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