Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T09:58:01.479Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Researching Race in Chile

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2022

Javiera Barandiarán
Javiera Barandiarán*
Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Job-market discrimination research in the United States and Europe measures discrimination by a majority against racial minorities, discrimination that stems from historical patterns of inequality and privilege. Chilean researchers have applied these models to study class-based discrimination, finding some evidence to support its existence. Their innovative methods make race as well as class visible, and contradictions in their work show racial differences among Chileans. This research note highlights the interesting research from a new generation of labor economists who have simultaneously pushed the sanctioned limits of social debate and reaffirmed dominant explanations of inequality. Critical race theory is useful for making sense of the contradictions in their work and, it is argued, can improve the quality of Chilean social science research so as to reach a more accurate and self-reflective understanding of the sources and effects of inequality in Chile.

Resumen

Resumen

Estudios de discriminación en el mercado laboral en Estados Unidos y Europa miden discriminación por una mayoría contra una minoría racial, producto de patrones históricos de desigualdad y privilegio. Investigadores chilenos han adaptado estos modelos para estudiar discriminación por clase social, encontrando en algunos casos que ésta existe. Sus métodos también hacen visible la discriminación en virtud de la raza, y a través de las contradicciones en sus trabajos, diferencias raciales entre chilenos. Esta nota revisa el interesante trabajo de estos jóvenes economistas, que al tiempo que arrojan datos y métodos novedosos que desafían las narrativas académicas y sociales establecidas, reafirman las explicaciones dominantes sobre desigualdad. Los estudios críticos de raza (critical race theory) aportan conceptos que descifran las contradicciones presentes en estos estudios y, se argumenta aquí, pueden fortalecer la investigación social en Chile, para así llegar a una comprensión más reflexiva y profunda sobre las fuentes y efectos de la desigualdad en Chile.

Type
Research Reports and Notes
Information
Latin American Research Review , Volume 47 , Issue 1 , 2012 , pp. 161 - 176
Copyright
Copyright © 2012 by the Latin American Studies Association

Footnotes

For their incisive comments and encouragement, I particularly thank the three anonymous LARR reviewers, Professor Jeff Romm, his graduate and undergraduate students, and the attendants of the session on the public and science in Latin America at the Social Studies of Science (4S) Conference in October 2009. All errors are of course my own responsibility.

References

Adimark 2002 Mapa socio-económico de Chile: Nivel socio-económico de los hogares del país basado en datos del censo. Santiago: Adimark.Google Scholar
Alonso, Carla 2004 “Los caza cabezas.” La Nación (Santiago), June 27, 22–24.Google Scholar
Altonji, Joseph, and Blank, Rebecca 1999 “Race and Gender in the Labor Market.” In Handbook of Labor Economics, edited by Orlie Ashenfelter and Richard Layard, 3:3143–3259. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Arrow, Kenneth 1998 “What Has Economics to Say about Racial Discrimination?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12 (2): 91–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bengoa, José 2006 La comunidad reclamada: Identidades, utopías y memorias en la sociedad chilena actual. Santiago: Catalonia.Google Scholar
Bertrand, Marianne, and Mullainathan, Sendhil 2003 “Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination.” Working Paper No. 9873. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bravo, David, Sanhueza, Claudia, and Urzúa, Sergio 2007 “An Experimental Study about Labor Market Discrimination: Gender, Social Class and Neighborhood.” Documentos de Trabajo 263. Department of Economics, University of Chile, Santiago.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Censo de la República 1907 Memoria: Censo de la República. Comisión Nacional del Censo (Santiago, Chile), Decree No. 2131, April 30.Google Scholar
Clementi, Hebe 1987 La frontera en América. Vol. 3, América del Sur. Buenos Aires: Leviatán.Google Scholar
Collier, Simon, and Sater, William F. 2004 A History of Chile, 1808–2002. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Contardo, Óscar 2008 Siútico: Arribismo, abajismo y vida social en Chile. Santiago: Vergara, Grupo Zeta.Google Scholar
Contreras, Dante 1999 “Distribución del ingreso eri Chile: Nueve hechos y algunos mitos.” Perspectivas 2 (2): 311–332.Google Scholar
Contreras, Dante, Zapata, Daniela, and Kruger, Daniela 2007 “Child Labor and Schooling in Bolivia: Who's Falling Behind? The Roles of Domestic Work, Gender and Ethnicity.” Documentos de Trabajo 234. Department of Economics, University of Chile, Santiago.Google Scholar
Cussen, Celia 2009 Huellas de África en América: Perspectiva para Chile. Santiago: University of Chile.Google Scholar
Economist 2005 “Writing the Next Chapter in a Latin American Success Story,” April 2 (accessed at http://www.economist.com/node/3811345).Google Scholar
Encina, Francisco Antonio 1949 Historia de Chile. Santiago: Editorial Nascimento.Google Scholar
Frankenberg, Ruth 1993 White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuentes, Jeanette, Palma, Amalia, and Montero, Rodrigo 2005 “Discriminación salarial por género en Chile: Una mirada global.” Estudios de Economía 32 (2): 133–157.Google Scholar
Germani, Gino 1969 “Stages of Modernization in Latin America.” Studies in Comparative International Development 5 (8): 463–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gundermann K., Hans, Vergara del S., Jorge Iván, and Rolf Foerster, G. 2005 “Contar a los indígenas en Chile: Autoadscripción étnica en la experiencia censal de 1992 y 2002.” Estudios Atacameños 30:91–115.Google Scholar
Haney-López, Ian F. 2003 Racism on Trial: The Chicano Fight for Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Heckman, James J. 1998 “Detecting Discrimination.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 12 (2): 101–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschman, Albert 1968 “The Political Economy of Import-Substituting Industrialization in Latin America.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 82 (1): 1–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jara, Álvaro 1971 Guerra y sociedad en Chile. Santiago: Editorial Universitaria.Google Scholar
Kenny, Lorraine Delia 2000 “Doing My Homework: The Autoethnography of a White Teenage Girl.” In Racing Research, Researching Race: Methodological Dilemmas in Critical Race Studies, edited by Twine, France Winddance and Warren, Jonathan W., 111–134. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Lavados Montes, Jaime 1993 La Universidad de Chile en el desarrollo nacional. Santiago: Editorial Universitaria.Google Scholar
Martínez, Javier, and Palacios, Margarita 1996 Informe sobre la decencia: La diferenciación estamental de la pobreza y los subsidios públicos. Santiago: Editorial Inter-Americana.Google Scholar
Martínez, Javier, and Palacios, Margarita 2002 Encuesta nacional: Liberalismo y conservadurismo en Chile. Análisis sobre opiniones y actitudes de las mujeres chilenas al fin del siglo XX. Santiago: Grupo Iniciativa Mujeres.Google Scholar
Medina Lois, E., and Kaempffer, A. M. N.d. Elementos de salud pública. Santiago: University of Chile.Google Scholar
Merino, María Eugenia, Pilleux, Mauricio, Quilaqueo, Daniel, and Martín, Berta San 2007 “Racismo discursivo en Chile: El caso mapuche.” In Racismo y discurso en América Latina, edited by Van Dijk, Teun A., 137–180. Barcelona: Gedisa.Google Scholar
Mörner, Magnus 1960 El mestizaje en la historia de Ibero-América. Stockholm: School of Economics.Google Scholar
Núñez, Javier, and Gutiérrez, Roberto 2004 “Class Discrimination and Meritocracy in the Labor Market: Evidence from Chile.” Estudios de Economía 31 (2): 113–132.Google Scholar
Núñez, Javier, and Pérez, Graciela 2007 “Dime cómo te llamas y te diré quién eres: La ascendencia como mecanismo de diferenciación social en Chile.” Documentos de Trabajo 269. Department of Economics, University of Chile, Santiago.Google Scholar
Núñez, Javier, and Risco, Cristina 2004 “Movilidad intergeneracional del ingreso en un país en desarrollo: El caso de Chile.” Documentos de Trabajo 210. Department of Economics, University of Chile, Santiago.Google Scholar
O'Neill, June, and O'Neill, Dave 2005 “What Do Wage Differentials Tell Us about Labor Market Discrimination?” Working Paper No. 11240. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Omi, Michael, and Winant, Howard 1994 Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Paillalef Lefinao, Julio 2002 Los Mapuche y el proceso que los convirtió en indios: Psicología de la discriminación. Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana.Google Scholar
Pinto Rodríguez, Jorge 2003 La formación del Estado y la nación, y el pueblo mapuche: De la inclusión a la exclusión. Santiago: Universidad de Santiago de Chile.Google Scholar
Poblete, M. P. 2003 “Discriminación étnica en relatos de experiencia escolar Mapuche en Panguipulli (Chile).” Estudios Pedagógicos 29:55–64.Google Scholar
Riach, P. A., and Rich, J. 2002 “Field Experiments of Discrimination in the Market Place.” Economic Journal 112 (November): F480–F518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz 1993 The Spectacle of the Races: Scientists, Institutions, and the Race Question in Brazil, 1870–1930. New York: Hill and Wang.Google Scholar
Staab, Silke, and Maher, Kristen Hill 2006 “The Dual Discourse about Peruvian Domestic Workers in Santiago de Chile: Class, Race, and a Nationalist Project.” Latin American Politics and Society 48 (1): 87–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stabili, Maria Rosaria 2003 Sentimiento aristocrático: Elites chilenas frente al espejo. Santiago, Chile: Editorial Andres Bello.Google Scholar
Stein, Ernesto, Tommasi, Mariano, Echebarría, Koldo, Lora, Eduardo, and Payne, Mark 2006 The Politics of Policies: Economic and Social Progress in Latin America. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank.Google Scholar
Tironi, Eugenio, Larranaga, O., Valenzuela, E., Bravo, D., Teitelboim, B., and Gubbins, V., eds. 2003 Cuánto y cómo cambiamos los chilenos: Balance de una década; Censos 1992–2002. Santiago: Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas.Google Scholar
Van Dijk, Teun A., ed. 2007 Racismo y discurso en América Latina. Barcelona: Gedisa.Google Scholar
Villegas, Horacio, and Núñez, Javier 2005 “Discriminación étnica en Bolivia: Examinando diferencias regionales y por nivel de calificación.” Estudios de Economia 32 (2): 201–218.Google Scholar
Warren, Jonathan W. 2000 “Masters in the Field: White Talk, White Privilege, White Biases.” In Racing Research, Researching Race: Methodological Dilemmas in Critical Race Studies, edited by Twine, France Winddance and Warren, Jonathan W., 135–164. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar