Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T23:03:43.327Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Current knowledge concerning optimum nutritional status of riboflavin, niacin and pyridoxine

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

Hilary J. Powers
Hilary J. Powers*
Affiliation:
Division of Child Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TH, UK
*
Corresponding author: Dr Hilary J. Powers, fax + 44 (0)114 2755364, email H.J.Powers@sheffield.ac.uk
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The term ‘optimum nutrition’ has evolved from a perceived need to base recommendations for nutrient intakes firmly in the context of function. It follows that ‘optimum nutritional status’ for individual nutrients should be defined in terms of biochemical or physiological markers having some functional value but also showing an appropriate relationship to nutrient intake. The present short review considers the current position regarding such markers for riboflavin, pyridoxine and niacin. It is concluded that whilst there are several biochemical measures which respond to changes in intake of each of these vitamins, no single measure is wholly satisfactory as a marker of optimum status.

Keywords

Riboflavin statusNiacin statusPyridoxine statusMarkers of nutrient status
Type
‘Optimal nutrition’
Information
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , Volume 58 , Issue 2 , May 1999 , pp. 435 - 440
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1999

References

Arienti, G, Simonetti, MS & Fidanza, F (1982) The effect of niacin deprivation on nicotinic acid mononucleotide pyrophosphorylase of pig erythrocytes. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 52, 142–147.Google ScholarPubMed
Bailey, AL, Maisey, S, Southon, S, Wright, AJA, Finglas, PM & Fulcher, RA (1997) Relationships between micronutrient intake and biochemical indicators of nutrient adequacy in a ‘free-living’ elderly UK population. British Journal of Nutrition 77, 225–242.Google Scholar
Bates, CJ (1990) Liberation of 14CO2 from [14C]adipic acid and [12C]octanoic acid by adult rats during riboflavin deficiency and its reversal. British Journal of Nutrition 63, 553–562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bates, CJ, Edwards, G, Downes, R & Coward, A (1991) 13C adipic acid as a probe of fatty acid oxidation in human subjects: feasability study and pilot trial of correction of riboflavin deficiency. Transactions of the Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81, 421–425.Google Scholar
Bates, CJ, Evans, PH, Allison, G, Sonko, BJ, Hoare, S, Goodrich, S & Aspray, T (1994) Biochemical indices and neuromuscular function tests in rural Gambian children given a riboflavin, or multivitamin plus iron, supplement. British Journal of Nutrition 72, 601–610.Google Scholar
Bates, CJ, Powers, HJ, Downes, R, Brubacher, D, Sutcliffe, V & Thurnhill, A (1989) Riboflavin status of adolescent vs elderly Gambian subjects before and during supplementation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 825–829.Google Scholar
Bates, CJ, Powers, HJ & Prentice, AM (1986) Measurement of riboflavin status by activation coefficient of erythrocyte glutathione reductase, and its automation with a Roche Cobas Bio centrifugal analyser. In Nutritional Status Assessment Methodology for Individuals and Groups, pp. 172–186 [Fidanza, F, editor]. Perugia: Group of European Nutritionists.Google Scholar
Bates, CJ, Prentice, AM, Watkinson, M, Morrell, P, Sutcliffe, BA, Foord, FA & Whitehead, RG (1982) Riboflavin requirements of lactating Gambian women: a controlled supplementation trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 35, 701–709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Belko, AZ, Obarzanek, E, Kalkwarf, HJ, Rotter, MA, Bogusz, S, Miller, D, Haas, JD & Roe, DA (1982) Effects of exercise on riboflavin requirements of young women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 37, 509–517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bender, DA (1993) Lack of concordance between two biochemical indices of vitamin B6 nutritional status. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 52, 315A.Google Scholar
Beutler, E (1969) Effect of flavin compounds on glutathione reductase activity: in vivo and in vitro studies. Journal of Clinical Investigation 48, 1957–1966.Google Scholar
Boisvert, WA, Mendoza, I, Castenada, C, Portocarrer, L, Solomons, NW, Geshoff, SN & Russell, RM (1993) Riboflavin requirement of healthy elderly humans and its relationship to macronutrient composition of the diet. Journal of Nutrition 123, 915–925.Google Scholar
Brown, RR, Rose, DP, Leklem, JE, Linkswiler, H & Annand, R (1975) Urinary 4-pyridoxic acid, plasma pyridoxal phosphate, and erythrocyte aminotransferase levels in oral contraceptive users receiving controlled intakes of vitamin B6. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 28, 10–19.Google Scholar
Dudman, NPB, Wilcken, DEL, Wang, J, Lynch, JF, Macey, D & Lundberg, P (1993) Disordered methionine/homocysteine metabolism in premature vascular disease: its occurrence, cofactor therapy and enzymology. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 13, 1253–1260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fairweather-Tait, SJ, Powers, HJ, Minski, M, Whitehead, J & Downes, R (1992) Riboflavin deficiency and iron absorption in adult Gambian men. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 36, 34–40.Google Scholar
Fidanza, F. (editor) (1991) Nutritional Status Assessment – A Manual for Population Studies, pp. 267–271. London: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Florida, A, Palmerini, CA, Fini, C, Pupita, M & Fidanza, F (1985) High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of FAD in whole blood. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research 55, 187–192.Google Scholar
Fu, CS, Swendseid, ME, Jacob, RA & McKee, RW (1989) Biochemical markers of niacin status in young men: levels of erythrocyte niacin coenzymes and plasma tryptophan. Journal of Nutrition 119, 1949–1955.Google Scholar
Gross, RT, Schroeder, EA & Gabrio, RW (1960) Pyridine nucleotides in erythrocyte metabolism. Journal of Clinical Investigation 42, 249–255.Google Scholar
Horwitt, MK (1986) Interpretations of requirements for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin-tryptophan, and vitamin E plus comments on balance studies and vitamin B6. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 44, 973–985.Google Scholar
Horwitt, MK, Harvey, CC, Hills, OW & Liebert, E (1950) Correlation of urinary excretion of riboflavin with dietary intake and symptoms of ariboflavinosis. Journal of Nutrition 41, 247–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kang-Yoon, SA, Kirksey, A, Giacola, GP & West, KD (1995) Vitamin B6 adequacy in neonatal nutrition: associations with preterm delivery, type of feeding, and vitamin B6 supplementation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, 932–942.Google Scholar
Kodentsova, VM, Vrzhesinskaya, OA & Spirichev, VB (1995) Fluorometric riboflavin titration in plasma by riboflavin-binding apoprotein as a method for vitamin B2 status evaluation. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 39, 355–360.Google Scholar
Leklem, JE (1990) Vitamin B6: a status report. Journal of Nutrition 120, 1503–1507.Google Scholar
Leske, MC, Wu, SY, Hyman, L, Sperduto, R, Underwood, B, Chylac, LT, Milton, RC, Srivastava, S & Ansari, N (1995) Lens Opacities Case Control Study Group. Archives of Ophthalmology 113, 1113–1118.Google Scholar
Lumeng, L, Ryan, MP & Li, TK (1978) Validation of the diagnostic value of plasma pyridoxal 5 phosphate measurements in vitamin B6 nutrition of the rat. Journal of Nutrition 108, 545–553.Google Scholar
Nakagawa, L, Takahashi, T, Suzuki, T & Masana, Y (1969) Effect in man of the addition of tryptophan or niacin to the diet on the excretion of their metabolites. Journal of Nutrition 99, 325–330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porcelli, PJ, Adcock, EW, Delpaggio, D, Swift, LL & Greene, HL (1996) Plasma and urine riboflavin and pyridoxine concentrations in enterally fed very-low-birth-weight neonates. Journal of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 23, 141–146.Google Scholar
Powers, HJ (1995) Riboflavin–iron interactions with particular emphasis on the gastrointestinal tract. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 54, 509–517.Google Scholar
Powers, HJ, Weaver, LT, Austin, S, Wright, AJA & Fairweather-Tait, SJ (1991) Riboflavin deficiency in the rat: effects on iron utilization and loss. British Journal of Nutrition 65, 487–496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prasad, PA, Bamji, MS, Lakshmi, AV & Satyanarayama, K (1990) Functional impact of riboflavin supplementation in urban school children. Nutrition Research 10, 275–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawling, JM, Apsimon, MM & Kirkland, JB (1996) Lung poly(ADP-ribose) and NAD+ concentrations during hyperoxia and niacin deficiency in the Fischer-344 rat. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine 20, 865–871.Google Scholar
Sampson, DA, Harrison, SC, Clarke, SD & Yan, X (1995) Dietary protein quality alters ornithine decarboxylase activity but not vitamin B6 nutritional status in rats. Journal of Nutrition 125, 2199–2207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sampson, DA & O'Connor, DK (1989) Responses of B6 vitamers in plasma erythrocytes and tissues to vitamin B6 depletion and repletion in the rat. Journal of Nutrition 19, 1940–1948.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sauberlich, HE (1984) Newer laboratory methods for assessing nutriture of selected B complex vitamins. Annual Review of Nutrition 4, 377–407.Google Scholar
Shibata, K & Matsuo, H (1989) Correlation between niacin equivalent intake and urinary excretion of its metabolites, N′ methylnicotinamide, N′ methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide and N′ methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide in humans consuming a self-selected food. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 114–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srikantia, SG, Narasinga, RBS, Raghuramulu, N & Gopalan, C (1986) Pattern of nicotinamide nucleotides in the erythrocytes of pellagrins. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 21, 1306–1309.Google Scholar
Stampfer, MJ, Malinow, R, Willet, WC, Newcomer, LM, Upson, B, Ullmann, D, Tishler, PV & Hennekens, CH (1992) A prospective study of plasma homocysteine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. Journal of the American Medical Association 268, 877–881.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takami, M, Fujioka, M, Wada, H & Taguchi, T (1968) Studies on pyridoxine deficiency in rats. Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine 129, 110–117.Google Scholar
Ubbink, JB, Vermaak, WJH, van der Merwe, A, Becker, PJ, Delport, R & Potgieter, HC (1994) Vitamin requirements for the treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in humans. Journal of Nutrition 124, 1927–1933.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verhoef, P, Stampfer, MJ, Buring, JE, Gaziano, JM, Allen, RH, Stabler, SP, Reynolds, RD, Kok, FJ, Hennekens, CH & Willett, WC (1996) Homocysteine metabolism and risk of myocardial infarction: relation with vitamins B6, B12 and folate. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 143, 845–859.Google ScholarPubMed
Vivian, VM, Chaloupka, MM & Reymolds, MS (1958) Some aspects of tryptophan in human subjects. I. Nitrogen balances, blood pyridine nucleotides and urinary excretion of N′ methyl nicotinamide and N′ methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide on a low niacin diet. Journal of Nutrition 66, 587–598.Google Scholar
White, HB (1996) Sudden death of chicken embryos with hereditary riboflavin deficiency. Journal of Nutrition 126, Suppl. 4, 1303S–1307S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, EA, Rumsey, RDE & Powers, HJ (1996 a) An investigation into the reversibility of the morphological changes seen in the small intestine of riboflavin-deficient rats. Gut 39, 220–225.Google Scholar
Williams, EA, Rumsey, RDE & Powers, HJ (1996 b) Cytokinetic and structural responses of the rat small intestine to riboflavin depletion. British Journal of Nutrition 75, 315–324.Google Scholar
Yates, CA & Powers, HJ (1999) Luminal riboflavin is essential for normal morphological development of the gastrointestinal tract. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, 55A.Google Scholar
Zempleni, J, Galloway, JR & McCormick, DB (1996) Pharmacokinetics of orally and intravenously administered riboflavin in healthy humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63, 54–66.Google Scholar