Reducing dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) to under 10% of total energy is a key strategy for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention in the UK. Recent evidence suggests replacing SFA with monounsaturated (MUFA) or polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids could lead to a greater CVD risk reduction compared to a replacement with carbohydrates (Reference Hooper, Martin and Abdelhamid1). To assess the effects of replacing dietary SFA with unsaturated fatty acids on variability in fasting serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 100 healthy men (30–65 y; 19–30 kg/m2) participated in a sequential dietary intervention study (Reading, Imperial, Surrey Saturated fat Cholesterol Intervention (RISSCI) study), following two 4-week isoenergetic diets with high (18% total energy) and lower (≤10% total energy) SFA, with MUFA/PUFA replacing SFA in the latter. The two diets were designed using data from the NDNS years 1–4 rolling programme among men aged 19–64 years (2014) and a previous dietary intervention study “DIVAS” (Reference Weech, Vafeiadou and Hasaj2), identifying the following food groups as sources of exchangeable fats: butter/spreads, oils, full-fat and low-fat dairy foods, and snacks. Analysing daily nutrient intakes in a subsample from the same cohort of participants confirmed the two diets both broadly achieved their nutritional targets(Reference Antoni, Sellem and Koutsos3). Thus, the current analysis aimed to investigate the impact of implementing the exchange of SFA for MUFA/PUFA to overall dietary patterns.
Dietary intake from 4-day weighed diet-diaries was categorised into 135 food groups. Differences in the overall dietary patterns of the intervention diets and intake of these specific food groups were assessed by orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and Fisher tests respectively. Goodness of fit and predictability of the model were assessed by the R2Y and Q2 values, respectively, and permutation tests (n = 1,000 permutations) were used to assess the statistical significance of the model.
The OPLS-DA revealed a clear difference in dietary patterns between the two diets (R2Y = 0.899 and Q2=0.743, empirical p-values R2Y: p < 0.001 (0/1000) and Q2: p < 0.001 (0/1000)). As indicated by the corresponding predictive loading values (p(corr)), this separation was driven by the foods supplied to the participants to facilitate the dietary fat exchange including solid animal fats (e.g. butter), high-fat cheese, full-fat yogurts and biscuits in the high-SFA diet (p(corr)= -0.87, -0.78, -0.29 and -0.24, respectively), and plant-based spreads, low-fat cheese, PUFA-rich oils, nuts, low-fat yogurt and savoury snacks (e.g. crisps) in the lower-SFA diet (p(corr)=0.78, 0.72, 0.67, 0.62, 0.33 and 0.30, respectively). Furthermore, there were significant differences in the level of consumption of the food groups (listed above) between the two diets (p < 0.05).
These findings provide evidence that the foods containing the exchangeable fat were effective in achieving the dietary fat exchange. They also support compliance to the dietary advice, without significantly changing other dietary components such as meats, fish, fruits and vegetables, or carbohydrate sources.
