Treaties — Interpretation — Principles and rules of interpretation — Interpretation by municipal courts — Reference to legislation implementing treaty in other States — The Hague Ru1es on Carriage of Goods by Sea — The law of Canada

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Interpretation in municipal courts — Hague Rules on the Carriage of Goods by Sea — Purpose — Establishment of uniform rules relating to carriage of goods and bills of lading — Aids to the interpretation of statute implementing the Convention — Reference to the Convention and to statutes implementing it in various States — The law of Canada

War and neutrality — War in general — Definition and technical meaning of war — Declaration of War by Cangress — Use of funds under Foreign Assistance Act 1961 for military purposes in absence of such declaration — Whether invalid delegation of power to wage war — The law of the United States

States as international persons — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Executive power to wage war — Whether use of funds under Foreign Assistance Act 1961 for military purposes an invalid delegation of power to wage war — Political question — Whether Court will adjudicate — The law of the United States

War and neutrality — War in general — Effects of the outbreak of war — Trading with the enemy — State of national emergency short of war — Regulation of transactions involving property in which a foreign State has an interest — Trading with the Enemy Act — Compatibility with United States Constitution — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Power of Congress to delegate extensive powers to President for legitimate purposes of foreign relations — Power more extensive than in field of domestic affairs — Trading with the Enemy Act — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Securities and exchange regulation — Whether having extraterritorial application — Alleged fraud upon Canadian company whose shares were quoted on both Canadian and American markets — Fraud allegedly taking place in Canada and involving transaction in Canada — Alleged adverse effect upon value of company’s shares purchased in United States by United States national Whether within the jurisdiction of the United States courts — The law of the United States

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Status — Treaties and the Constitution — Duty of Executive to observe Constitution in performance and conclusion of treaties — The law of the United States

The individual in international law — Extradition — Conditions of extradition — Surrender of United States citizen required by treaty for purpose of foreign criminal proceedings — Whether impaired by absence in foreign judicial system of safeguards in all respects equivalent to those constitutionally enjoyed on American trials — The law of the United States

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of treaties — Operation and enforcement — The supremacy of the Constitution over treaties and executive augmentations — Constitutional requirements must be observed in the performance as well as in the conclusion of international compacts — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — United States servicemen convicted by West German court for offences in West Germany against a West German national — Servicemen returning to United States — Whether obligation on the United States to return the servicemen to West Germany for service of their sentences — Whether a United States court had jurisdiction to enjoin surrender — NATO Status of Forces Agreement 1951 — The law of the United States

International law in general — Relation to municipallaw — Jurisdiction — Relevance of international law principles regarding jurisdiction in interpreting legislation — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — United States corporation induced to buy shares in English company on London stock exchange — Purchase induced by representations made in United Kingdom and United States and by transatlantic telephone call — Whether covered by United States Securities and Exchange Act — Jurisdiction of United States courts — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Principle of non — recognition of foreign penal legislation — The law of England

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Appointment by United States court of a receiver to take charge of English assets of company registered in the Bahamas — Appointment of receiver part of proceedings brought by United States Securities and Exchange Commission under Securities Exchange Act — Whether appointment within the jurisdiction of the United States courts — Principle that English courts will not give effect to foreign penal laws — The law of England

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial and personal — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Subjective territorial principle — Agreement in England to possess firearms there with intent to endanger life in France — Whether constituting the offence of conspiracy to possess firearms with intent to endanger life in English law — The law of England

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Objective territorial principle of jurisdiction — Company in England using false pretences to induce investors in West Germany to apply for shares — Prospective investors visited by agents in West Germany — Application forms completed in West Germany and then sent to England — Whether an offence within English jurisdiction — The law of England

International law in general — Relation to municipal law Legislation implementing treaty — Whether necessary for courts to construe treaty and legislation together and give them same meaning and effect — The law of England

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Expropriation of alien property — Meaning of expropriation — The law of England

State responsibility — Claims — In general — Foreign Compensation Commission administering fund obtained form foreign government in respect of nationalizations — Proceedings — The law of England

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of treaties — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Legislation implementing treaty — Interpretation of legislation by municipal courts — Whether necessary for courts to construe treaty and legislation together and give them the same meaning and effect — The law of England

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of State responsibility — For taking of, or interference with, property — Sequestration of foreign — owned property followed by sale, allegedly at less than market value, to nationalized concern — Whether amounting to expropriation or nationalization — Anglo — Egyptian Agreement of 1971 for compensation in respect of Egyptian measures of nationalization — Sequestration carried out under Presidential Proclamation — Sale made under Executive Decision — Whether whole process carried out by or under “laws promulgated by the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt in respect of expropriation or nationalization” — Whether courts should examine treaty when interpreting municipal legislation implementing it — Foreign Compensation Commission — Foreign Compensation (Egypt) Order 1971 — The law of England

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Doctrine that court will not give effect to foreign confiscatory legislation in respect of property outside jurisdiction of confiscating State — The law of the United States

State responsibility — For interference with concessions — Oil exploration concessions obtained by United States company in Libya — Law requiring provision of guarantees for Libyan Petroleum Ministry for each concession — Guarantees provided through certain banks — Demand by Libyan Government for payment of guarantees — Allegation by company that demand part of a policy of confiscation of American owned property — Whether bank could be enjoined from responding to demand for payment of guarantees — The law of the United States

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Freedom of movement — Passports — Extent of legal right to a passport — Whether denial of a passport an infringement of the fundamental right to freedom of movement as defined in Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights — The law of Hong Kong

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Constitutional provisions guaranteeing human rights modelled upon European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and Universal Declaration of Human Rights — Interpretation — The law of Antigua

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Whether constitutional provisions protecting human rights apply to corporations — Freedom of expression — Restraints on publication of newspaper — Licence fee — Requirement that newspaper publisher deposit sum of money to satisfy possible libel judgment as condition of publication — Whether unlawful restraints on freedom of expression — Constitution influenced by European Convention on Human Rights and Universal Declaration of Human Rights — The law of Antigua.

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights — Article 6(1) — Imposition of a fine by way of settlement under threat of provisional closure of business establishment — Compatibility of combined use of sanctions with Article 6.

Article 6(2) — Whether violated by provisional closure of business establishment — Whether First Protocol to the Convention, Article 1 similarly violated

Article 6(3) — Whether violated by use of both or either of the sanctions ordered

Article 26 — Admissibility of application — Burden of proof upon Contracting State to establish availability of domestic remedies and non-utilisation — Limits upon the requirements of Article 26

Article 50 — Pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage — Reasonableness of claim

Disputes — Other international courts — Procedure — European Court of Human Rights — Burden of proof — Party estopped from raising preliminary objection not argued before Commission — Compensation

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms — Right to legal assistance — Article 6 (3)(c) — Whether nomination of lawyer under legal aid system effective legal assistance

Article 50 — Just satisfaction — Equitable basis — Compensation for non-pecuniary injury — Compensation in respect of breach of Article 6(3)(c) — Restitutio in integrum — Claim for professional fees of lawyer representing Applicant before Convention institutions — Legal aid — Whether loss suffered under Article 50

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — German — Persian Establishment Convention 1929 — Requirement that neither State naturalize a national of the other party without the consent of that party — Effect in German law — Interpretation — Effect of silence in response to request for consent — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 — Right of the individual to choose his nationality — Restrictions — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Nationality — Nationality — of married women — Foreigner marrying German national — Difference in treatment of men and women by the national legislature — The law of Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Nationality — Acquisition of nationality — Grant of nationality a matter for each State — German — Persian Establishment Convention 1929 — Requirement that neither party naturalize citizens of the other State without the other State’s consent — Whether consistent with international law — Effect of silence by Iranian Government in response to repeated requests for consent — Whether lack of entitlement to naturalization of foreign male, married to German woman, discriminatory — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

War — In general — Prisoners of war — Civilian internees — Treatment — Geneva Convention concerning the Treatment of Prisoners of War 1929 — Generally recognized principles of international law — Loss of freedom in violation of fundamental constitutional principles — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Nationality — As determining the right to protection of citizens abroad — Whether German Reich afforded protection to national interned by a foreign power — Whether German Reich responsible for discriminating between nationals to whom it owed protection — Extent of protection afforded by a protecting State — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

State territory — Miscellaneous — West Berlin — International status — Constitution of Federal Republic of Germany — Allied Reservation — Whether applicable to grant of nationality by West Berlin authorities — Whether West Berlin authorities had properly exercised their powers — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Nationality — Nationality of married women — Foreigner marrying German national — Difference in treatment of men and women by national legislature — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Nationality — Naturalization — Foreigner married to German woman — Whether non-provision for equal right to naturalization for both foreign men and women married to German nationals discriminatory — West Berlin authorities acting on advice of Federal authorities — Whether contrary to Allied Reservation to Federal Constitution — Status of West Berlin — Whether legitimate to consider possible effects of grant of nationality upon German-Greek relations — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

The individual in international law — Nationality — Naturalization — Acquisition of nationality by naturalization — Residence — Meaning of residence — Necessity of physical presence — The law of Canada