Dietary nitrate reduces peripheral blood pressure (BP)( Reference Siervo, Lara and Ogbonmawan 1 ) and arterial stiffness (AS)( Reference Ghosh, Kapil and Fuentes-Calvo 2 ) in healthy people via the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway; effects in unhealthy populations are less clear. Although acute studies are plentiful, chronic effects of dietary nitrate are scarce, with the longest trial to our knowledge lasting 4 weeks( Reference Kapil, Khambata, Robertson and Caulfield 3 ).
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by cardiac and vascular disease even before formal diagnosis( Reference Selvin, Steffes and Zhu 4 ). AS measured as aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a powerful index of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, crucially independent of BP, in people with or at risk of T2D( Reference Cruickshank, Riste and Anderson SG 5 ). We tested if nitrate in beetroot juice would reduce AS independently of change in BP in patients with or at risk of T2D. (This study is part of a factorial trial also testing diuretic, spironolactone; here we only present results of the dietary nitrate versus placebo arm).
126 patients were randomised, double-blind to active (nitrate containing) or placebo (nitrate free) beetroot juice (≤11 or 0 mmol) daily over 24 weeks in a parallel design. AS was measured by nominally BP independent cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and as aortic PWV; BP and other haemodynamic parameters were also measured. Heart structure and function were assessed in a subgroup (n = 87) by 2D ultrasound. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed, adjusting for BP where appropriate.
There were no differences between the active and placebo beetroot juices in change in peripheral systolic or diastolic BP, nor in change in AS measured as CAVI or aortic PWV (p = 0·8, 0·9, 1·0 and 0·8 respectively). However, plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations did increase 4- and 2-fold respectively (p < 0·001 and = 0·02), suggesting the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway was not interrupted. This was simultaneous to a decrease in central systolic BP on nitrate-containing juice versus placebo (mean [95 %CI]; −2·6[−4·5, −0·8] mmHg, p = 0·007), consistent with our previous findings of normoxia-dependent conduit artery dilatation after inorganic nitrite, selectively reducing central systolic BP ( Reference Omar, Fok and Tilgner 6 ).
Dietary nitrate also decreased left ventricular end diastolic and systolic volume (−6·3[−11·1, −1·6] mL and −3·2[−5·9, −0·5] mL, p < 0·05) and increased end diastolic mass/volume ratio (0·04 [0, 0·7] g/mL, p < 0·05) versus placebo, which are beneficial cardiac changes. There were no drug–juice interactions.
Despite not reducing arterial stiffness independently of BP change, dietary nitrate selective reduced central BP which may have greater impact than just peripheral BP for managing cardiac and vascular risk( Reference McEniery, Yasmin and McDonnell 7 ).
