Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive — Sovereign immunity — Refusal of State Department to indicate immunity — Whether binding upon courts — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Doctrine of sovereign immunity — Relationship to act of State doctrine — Central bank — Acts of bank regarded as commercial — Sovereign immunity not applicable — Whether act of State available as a defence — The law of the United States

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Currency regulation — Cuba — Right of foreign investors to convert proceeds of investment into foreign currency — Certificates promising to pay foreign currency on presentation of equivalent amount in Cuban currency — Suspension of all payment under such certificates — Whether equivalent to confiscation of property rights — Whether contrary to international law — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Scope and application — What constitutes act of State — Whether relevant that foreign sovereign has violated its own laws — Hickenlooper Amendment to United States Foreign Assistance Act 1964 — Scope — Whether limited to cases involving confiscation of property rights — Currency regulations — Cuba — Decision to suspend processing of certificates promising to convert Cuban currency into United States dollars — Whether equivalent to a confiscation of property — Nature of rights under such certificates — Sovereign immunity — Restrictive theory — Role of State Department — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive — Act of State doctrine — Bernstein exception — Whether Executive statement that act of State doctrine should not apply to certain cases conclusive — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Doctrine of sovereign immunity — Relationship to act of State doctrine — Counterclaim against foreign State — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Expropriation of property of United States nationals in Cuba — Whether United States courts entitled to assess validity of expropriation under international law — Cuban assets in United States — Counterclaim against — Bernstein exception to act of State doctrine — Whether State Department recommendation that act of State doctrine should not apply conclusive — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Foreign sovereign directing national in United States to contravene United States law — Whether national has defence to action in United States courts — Act of State doctrine — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Foreign sovereign compulsion — Direction by foreign sovereign to national in United States to contravene United States law — Whether United States courts possessing jurisdiction — Claim of immunity from United States law — Whether necessary that claim be presented through diplomatic channels — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Expropriation — Expropriation of property of Cuban nationals by Republic of Cuba — Debts located in United States — Whether United States courts will give effect to purported expropriation of such debts — Trademark infringement — Goods labelled in Cuba and sold in United States — Whether infringement occurring within United States — Currency regulation — Whether courts of one State will give effect to exchange laws of another State — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Republic of Cuba — Confiscation of property of Cuban nationals in Cuba — Whether act of State — Whether interventors or former owners entitled to payment for property exported after date of confiscation — Amounts due in respect of property exported to United States before date of confiscation — Location of debts — Whether United States courts will give effect to act of State in respect of debts located in United States — United States public policy — Currency regulations — Extraterritorial effect — Recovery of monies paid by mistake — Jurisdiction — Territorial — Effects doctrine — Trademark infringement — Goods labelled in Cuba and sold in United States — Whether infringement occurring in United States — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Expropriation of property — Property located in the United States — Whether United States courts will give effect to foreign decree purporting to affect title to property in the United States — Trademark — Republic of Cuba — Decree confiscating entire assets of Cuban corporation — Effect of dissolution of the corporation under Cuban law — Title to corporation’s trademark in the United States — Whether former owners retained title — The law of the United States

International law in general — Sources — Decisions of municipal courts as sources of international law — Decisions of United States courts concerning expropriation of foreign property — Value as precedents — The law of the United States

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Act of State doctrine — Whether United States courts should apply international law to determine validity of act of foreign State — Expropriation — Whether lack of consensus about applicable rules of international law — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Doctrine of sovereign immunity — Relationship to act of State doctrine — Counterclaim against foreign State — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Expropriation of property of United States nationals in Cuba — Whether United States courts entitled to assess validity of expropriation under international law — Cuban assets in United States — Counterclaim against — Extent of act of State doctrine — Bernstein exception — State Department recommendation that act of State doctrine should not apply — Whether conclusive — Sovereign immunity — Counterclaim against foreign State bringing action in United States courts — Relationship to act of State doctrine — Nationalization — Applicable rules of international law — Whether lack of consensus thereon — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Expropriation — Expropriation of property of Cuban nationals by Republic of Cuba — Debts located in United States — Whether United States courts will give effect to purported expropriation of such debts — Exchange control laws — Territorial limits of — Whether United States courts will give effect to exchange control laws of another State — Relevance of State's participation in International Monetary Fund Agreement — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Republic of Cuba — Confiscation of property of Cuban nationals — Debt owed to Cuban national — Debt situated in New York — Whether United States courts will give effect to purported confiscation of debt — Whether repudiation of contractual or quasi-contractual obligation an act of State — Whether formal governmental act required for act of State — Refusal to honour quasi-contractual obligation as act of State — Hickenlooper Amendment — Whether applicable to repudiation of contractual or quasi-contractual obligations — Rule in First National City Bank of New York v. Banco Naccional de Cuba — Exception to act of State doctrine in respect of counterclaims in cases where Executive indicates doctrine need not be applied — Whether exception limited to setoffs and counterclaims not exceeding amount claimed by plaintiff — Currency and exchange controls — Whether having extraterritorial effect — Whether United States courts will enforce exchange control laws — Effect of Republic of Cuba’s withdrawal from International Monetary Fund Agreement — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Expropriation of property — Distinction between expropriation and appropriation — Hickenlooper Amendment to Foreign Assistance Act — Distinction between acts iure gestionis and iure imperii — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Enforcement of foreign penal law — Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights between United States and Iran — Effect of Iranian homicide conviction on welfare claim in United States — Review of executive decision to deny insurance benefits — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Nature of doctrine — Act of State doctrine not relevant to jurisdiction — Conflict of laws — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Motion to dismiss petition for adoption — Adoption procedure based on administrative action by foreign Government — Act of municipal officials — Whether Act of State doctrine applicable — The law of the United States

International law in general — International comity — Extraterritorial effect of foreign public law — Public policy of New York — Action to enforce letter of credit — Repudiation by attempted confiscatory act of Government of Uganda — International Monetary Fund Agreement — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Over territory in general and persons and property situated therein — Action to enforce letter of credit — Attempted confiscatory act of Government of Uganda — Repudiation of contract by instructions to New York agents — Whether cause of action occurred in New York — Effect to be given to foreign public laws — Comity — Public policy — International Monetary Fund Agreement — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Letter of credit — Repudiation by issuing bank on instruction from government — Whether instruction an act of State — Whether confiscatory — Whether repudiation taking effect in Uganda or New York — Whether New York courts obliged to give effect to instructions of foreign government — Public policy of United States and New York — International comity — Extraterritorial effect of foreign public laws — International Monetary Fund Agreement — Whether letter of credit an exchange contract — Whether instruction to repudiate entitled to recognition under Agreement — The law of the United States

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Breadth and delimitation of the maritime belt — Islands — Subsoil of territorial waters — Dispute between foreign States over territorial waters — Oil extracted from disputed area — Title — Whether municipal court can determine title to oil without considering boundary dispute — Act of State doctrine — The law of the United States

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Confiscation of property — Definition of — Whether termination of oil concession a confiscation — Act of State doctrine — Hickenlooper Amendment — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Scope of doctrine — Boundary dispute — Oil extracted from disputed area — Whether United States courts entitled to determine title to oil — Hickenlooper Amendment — Meaning of “confiscation” — Whether applicable to termination of oil concession — Whether fact concessionaire prevented from exploiting concession a confiscation — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Nature and scope — Expropriation — Distinction between challenging validity of expropriation and questioning its scope — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Expropriation of alien property — Property outside territory of expropriating State — Bank account at Pennsylvania bank — Account opened by Pakistan bank in connection with activities of East Pakistan branch — Secession of Bangladesh — Nationalization of branch of Pakistan bank — Whether extending to bank account in Pennsylvania — Act of State doctrine — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Expropriation — Property located outside expropriating State — Bank account at Pennsylvania bank — Situs — Whether act of State doctrine requires court to give effect to confiscation without compensation if property is located in United States — State succession — Bangladesh — Bank account opened by Pakistan bank in connection with activities of East Pakistan branch — Secession of Bangladesh — Nationalization of East Pakistan branch — Ownership of bank account — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Whether precluding inquiry into motives for act of foreign government — Validity of act of foreign government not impugned as such — Antitrust action — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Expropriation — Works of art nationalized in U.S.S.R. and sold in Germany — Whether expropriation occurring in U.S.S.R. or in Germany — Act of State doctrine — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Expropriation — Action in conversion against purchasers of works of art expropriated by the Government of the U.S.S.R. — Whether expropriation occurred in the U.S.S.R. or in Germany — Act of State doctrine — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive — Act of State doctrine — Executive statement that doctrine should not apply to commercial acts — Executive statement that doctrine should not bar consideration of validity of acts of foreign sovereigns under international law — Weight to be accorded to such statements by the courts — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Doctrine of sovereign immunity — Relationship to act of State doctrine — Restrictive theory of sovereign immunity — Whether principles underlying restrictive theory also applicable to act of State doctrine — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Sovereign immunity — Relationship between act of State doctrine and sovereign immunity — Commercial acts of foreign States — Whether capable of being acts of State — Restrictive theory of sovereign immunity — Whether principles of restrictive theory also applicable to act of State doctrine — Purposes of act of State doctrine and sovereign immunity — Nature of an act of State — Whether refusal to repay moneys an act of State — Agency of foreign government — Republic of Cuba — Interventors given authority to conduct affairs of nationalized business — Whether authority extends to performance of sovereign as well as commercial acts — Trading with the enemy — Cuban Assets Control Regulations 1975 — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Expropriation of debt located in the United States — Whether act of State doctrine applicable — Public policy of United States against expropriation without compensation — Whether special rules applicable in wartime — The law of the United States

War and neutrality — War in general — Effects of outbreak of war — On enemy subjects with regard to their property and other rights — Nationalization without compensation of property of enemy subjects — Bangladesh — Expropriation of property of Pakistan nationals — Property located in United States — Whether United States courts should give effect to nationalization — Act of State doctrine — United States public policy — Whether special rules applicable to expropriation in wartime — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Expropriation — Property located outside expropriating State — Debt payable in United States — Situs — Whether act of State doctrine applicable to extraterritorial acts — Rationale of act of State doctrine — United States public policy against expropriation without compensation — Bangladesh — Expropriation of property of Pakistan nationals — War — Expropriation allegedly part of wartime measures — Whether different rules applicable — The law of the United States