Pain has had a perennial association with physical ailments, health disorders and injuries since time immemorial. Any form of severe physiological stress or disease triggers episodes of pain which can impact mental health and drastically affect the quality of life. An estimated 20% of the European adult population experiences chronic pain at some point in their life (Breivik et al., Reference Breivik, Collett, Ventafridda, Cohen and Gallacher2006). That is a staggering 150 million people with women at an increased risk of suffering from chronic pain than men (Bartley and Fillingim, Reference Bartley and Fillingim2013). As per an OECD report, 1 out of 6 people in the EU are affected by mental health (Ciucci, Reference Ciucci2020) amounting to an estimated economic impact of 4% of GDP or EUR 600 billion (D’Acci, Reference D’Acci2020). Post COVID-19 pandemic, the incidence is likely to have seen a dramatic rise. The European mental health strategy (EMHS) has therefore been a welcome and timely initiative to advance mental healthcare across the EU.
We appreciate the views of Fioritti and colleagues regarding the importance of focusing on the relationship between mental health and work, both from a preventative aspect and reintegration of those who are at risk of exclusion (Fioritti et al., Reference Fioritti, Jònasson, de Winter, Van Audenhove and van Weeghel2024). We fully recognize the value of social cohesion and its impact on economic growth. However, we would like to complement this by specifically highlighting the priority attention that needs to be given to the double disability burden of mental health and chronic pain.
It is commendable to see the cross-sectoral promotion and integration of mental health across several policy domains in the EMHS. The strategy acknowledges the influence of biological and psychological factors underlying mental health and advocates for factoring-in comorbidities and disabilities in designing effective treatment strategies. However, there is no explicit acknowledgement of the role of comorbidities and the bidirectional relationship between mental health and pain. Evidence suggests a close association between chronic pain and poor mental health states (Bondesson et al., Reference Bondesson, Larrosa Pardo, Stigmar, Ringqvist, Petersson, Jöud and Schelin2018) with several social disadvantages as common denominators. These include poverty, unemployment, low socioeconomic status, lack of access to healthcare services, etc (Kohrt et al., Reference Kohrt, Griffith and Patel2018). It has been reported that the risk of chronic pain prevalence is twice as high in people with bipolar disorder compared to the general population (Nicholl et al., Reference Nicholl, Mackay, Cullen, Martin, Ul-Haq, Mair, Evans, McIntosh, Gallagher, Roberts and Deary2014). This can place people at a heightened risk of social and workplace exclusion.
Adverse mental health is a frequent concomitant of chronic pain leading to unfavourable immediate and long-term impacts on quality of life and survival. Despite the shared biopsychosocial experiences, pain is not normally assessed and addressed in mental health patients (Brennan et al., Reference Brennan, Greenbaum, Lemke and Schutte2019). Moreover, undiagnosed and underrecognized mental health conditions in people with chronic pain often go untreated. Mental health and pain are mutually reinforcing. Treating them in isolation and independent of each other would result in unsuccessful treatment outcomes such as continued reduction in quality of life, mobility and social participation. Pain directly interferes with mental health treatments by negatively impacting the overall outcome (Roughan et al., Reference Roughan, Campos, García-Marín, Cuéllar-Partida, Lupton, Hickie, Medland, Wray, Byrne, Ngo and Martin2021). A multidisciplinary approach to pain management is thus an essential pre-requisite for effective treatment strategies and improved therapy outcomes.
Therefore, the critical need to standardize assessment of pain and recognizing its causal relationship with mental health conditions cannot be overemphasized. This would make it easier to identify people with mental health conditions, living with pain, for prevention and early intervention. Early access to integrated care services involving professionals from multiple disciplines such as psychologists and physiotherapists can then deliver biopsychosocial interventions in the management of chronic pain. These include cognitive behavioural therapies, physical activity programs, relaxation activities, etc. Care givers can augment pain mitigating behaviours by engaging patients with exercise, body awareness programs and emotional regulation activities. However, the stigma attached to mental health and pain creates barriers for recognition and access to care.
Pharmacotherapeutic analgesics such as opioids carry a serious risk of physical dependence and, separately, may cause problems in people who have or are at risk of substance use disorders. Over the last two decades, Europe has witnessed a rise in mortality as a result of opioid prescription and use although the observed trends encompass variability among different countries (Forget and Hauser, Reference Forget and Hauser2023). Chronic pain has been found to be a significant problem in half of the people with opioid use disorders. This warrants a serious revisit of quality and delivery of biopsychosocial pain interventions in Europe.
While EMHS recognizes the value of inclusive workplaces and stresses on reintegration, the strategy does not clearly demonstrate its commitment to protect the rights of individuals, with mental health conditions and safeguard their right to return to work. People living with the double whammy of mental health conditions and pain are at a serious disadvantage in retaining employment security and contribute significantly to higher rates of absenteeism and presenteeism as compared to those without pain. On the other hand, there is irrefutable evidence to support the benefits of being in employment that addresses important psychosocial needs. The value, embedded in individual identity, social roles and status, is a critical component of the social gradients that impact mental health and associated mortality.
A positive development is the strategy’s position to eliminate stigma and discrimination by its affirmative support of vulnerable groups, and recognizing their specific or individualized needs to achieve social inclusion. However, this was a missed opportunity. The plan of action should have highlighted participation of people with lived experience, especially those in vulnerable situations, as equal stakeholders in assessing, reviewing and evaluating how the strategy shapes out in the future. Moreover, the plan mostly reaffirms on-going EU commitments to existing initiatives leaving member nations with individual adoption of strategies designed in their own capacities.
Societal Impact of Pain (SIP), a multi-stakeholder partnership between European Pain Federation EFIC and Pain Alliance Europe (PAE), published in 2023 a Joint Statement (Mental Health and Pain Policy, 2023) calling upon the European Commission and its member states to act and reduce SIP. Key recommendations include the following:
1. Introduce assessment of pain interference in people with mental health conditions such as major depression, anxiety, bipolar disorders, schizophrenia, psychosis and substance use disorders.
2. Provide integrated care to jointly address pain management and mental health services
3. Fund research on understanding the pain-mental health dynamic.
4. Enable early access to care interventions for high-risk people.
5. Train healthcare professionals and care givers on the mutually reinforcing relationship between pain and mental health conditions.
6. Encourage participation of people with lived experience in development of integrated care plans
7. Recognize positive impact of good work conditions & support re-integration of people into the workforce.
8. Develop policies that comprehensively address biological, psychological and social factors of pain in people living with the double burden.
9. Design campaigns for care providers and common public aimed at reducing the stigma and normalizing conversations around mental health and pain.
Author contributions
Collaborators’ contribution (authors and non-authors).
The writing committee, composed by KB, ACP, LJ, IR, PF conceptualized the work, wrote the first version of the manuscript, approved the final version, and confirmed meeting the ICMJE criteria for authorship. All other collaborators helped conceptualize the work and are contributing non-authors.
Financial support
The “Societal Impact of Pain” (SIP) platform is a multi-stakeholder partnership led by the European Pain Federation EFIC and PAE, which aims to raise awareness of pain and change pain policies. The scientific framework of the SIP platform is under the responsibility of EFIC and the strategic direction of the project is defined by both partners. The pharmaceutical companies Grünenthal GmbH and GSK are the main sponsors of the SIP platform.
Competing interests
The following authors declare the potential conflict of interest:
PF received fees from Grünenthal for an educational activity unrelated to any product.
The other authors did not have any conflict of interest.
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