International law — Relation to municipal law — “Law of nations” defined — Municipal statute conferring jurisdiction upon federal courts in actions by aliens for torts committed in violation of law of nations — Unseaworthiness as such a tort — Action by alien based on claim of unseaworthiness — The law of nations as understood by courts in the United States of America.

State territory — In general — International leases — Panama Canal Zone — Sovereignty within Zone.

Treaties — In general — Forms of — Joint Communiqué and Aide-Mémoire — Relationship to prior oral agreement.

States as international persons — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Acts of United States Government concerning flying of flag in Panama Canal Zone and concerning postage stamps to be used and recognition of consular exequaturs in Canal Zone — Sovereignty within Canal Zone — Foreign affairs power committed to legislative and executive branches — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from — Foreign States — Sovereign immunity — Effect of failure to request dismissal of suit on ground of sovereign immunity through State Department and Attorney General — Time within which suggestion of immunity by Attorney General must be made — The law of the United States of America.

States as international persons — Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Suit by United States shareholders of Cuban corporation against arm of Cuban Government seeking damages for confiscation of corporation's assets in Cuba — Act of State doctrine — Sovereign immunity — The law of the United States of America.

Recognition — Of Governments — Effect of United States recognition of Government of Soviet Union in 1933 upon prior nationalization measures affecting assets in United States — Retroactive effect of 1933 recognition — Litvinov Assignment — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Foreign nationalization measures — Effect upon property situated outside nationalizing State — Effect of recognition of Government of Soviet Union by United States in 1933 upon prior nationalization measures affecting assets in United States — The law of the United States of America.

State responsibility — Claims — State control over private claims — Effect of Litvinov Assignment — Rights of United States claimants — Functions of United States International Claims Commission.

States as international persons — Recognition of acts of foreign States and Governments — Effect of Soviet nationalization decrees of 1917 upon assets within United States — As determined by United States recognition of Soviet Union and the Litvinov Assignment — The law of the United States of America.

Nationality — In general — Place of birth and political considerations as relevant factors — Effect upon country to which alien is deported of non-recognition of Government exercising jurisdiction over territory of birth — Definition of country of which alien is a “national” under municipal legislation — The law of the United States of America.

Aliens — Expulsion of — Right of expulsion — Country to which alien deported — Where Government exercising jurisdiction over territory of birth is not recognized — The law of the United States of America.

States as international persons — Recognition — Of Governments — Deportation of individual to home territory — Territory subject to de jure authority of one Government and de facto control of another — Determination of Government to which application for acceptance of individual must be made — The Nationalist and Communist Governments of China — The law of the United States of America.

State succession — Treaties — Effect of creation of new State out of part of territory of another State — India and Pakistan — Protocol and Convention concerning Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1927 — Effect of Indian Independence (International Arrangements) Order, 1947 — Devolution of treaty rights and obligations according to State practice — Relevance of non-succession of Pakistan to membership of British India in international organizations — Multilateral convention open to ratification only by States Members of League of Nations or United Nations — Whether Indian Independence (International Arrangements) Order affected rights of third States — The law of Pakistan.

State territory — Nature of territorial sovereignty — National ship berthed in foreign port — Whether United States flag ship part of United States, its territories or possessions — Interpretation of provisions of insurance contract — The law of the United States of America.

International law — International comity — Subpoena of United States grand jury requiring production of documents located in another country — Where production would violate laws of the other country — Respect for laws of other countries — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Grand jury subpoena requiring production by domestic bank of documents in foreign country — Violation of laws of foreign State — Effect of — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Over persons and property situated in the territory — Foreign seamen on foreign vessel — Applicability of municipal statute governing wage claims when seamen discharged in State of forum — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Over persons and property situate within the territory — Civil actions between aliens — Jurisdiction as derivation of State sovereignty — The law of Spain.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Scope of operation of statutes — Construction of statutes in accordance with international usage and international law — Whether labour relations statute extends to employment of alien seamen on foreign — flag vessels owned by foreign subsidiary of domestic corporation — Vessels regularly visiting domestic ports — The law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Operation of — Effect of municipal legislation conflicting with earlier treaty — Effect of potential conflict upon construction of legislation — Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Consular Rights, 1927, between the United States and Honduras — Municipal labour relations legislation — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Jurisdiction over foreigners — Scope of municipal labour relations statute — Application to employment of alien seamen on foreign flag vessels owned by foreign subsidiary of domestic corporation and regularly visiting domestic ports — Weight given to law of the flag — Other relevant contacts with flag State — Dangers of international discord and recrimination — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Jurisdiction over foreigners — Scope of municipal labour relations statute — Application to labour relations involving alien seamen on foreign-flag vessel owned by foreign nationals — Labour dispute arising in domestic port — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Law of the flag — Matters governed by — Meaning of doctrine of internal economy of ship — The law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of municipal legislation — Legislation alleged to conflict with earlier treaty — Consular Convention and Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States and Liberia — Municipal labour relations legislation — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Jurisdiction over foreigners — Scope of municipal labour relations statute — Application to charge of unfair labour practices of national owner of foreign-flag vessels with alien crews regularly visiting domestic ports — Evaluation of contacts with State of forum and flag State — Claim of conflict posed by application of statute with provisions of Consular Convention and Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States and Liberia — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from — Foreign States — Sovereign immunity — Waiver — Whether sovereign commencing action in federal court subject to transfer to state court proceedings — The law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Effect of municipal legislation — Scope of reservation in Brussels International Convention of 1910 relating to Assistance and Salvage at Sea — Whether restrictive of power of State to waive by municipal legislation sovereign immunity in salvage actions — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from — Foreign States — Sovereign immunity — The law of Greece — Determination thereof in courts of the United States — Need for — Waiver of immunity of Government of forum in proceedings instituted by alien dependent upon reciprocity in State of alien — Ascertainment of existence of reciprocity — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — Public ships and other property of foreign States — Sovereign immunity — Failure of foreign sovereign to raise defence of sovereign immunity at appropriate time — Whether amounting to waiver — Where no suggestion of immunity by United States Executive — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Personal — Over nationals abroad — Authority to issue subpoena to compel appearance of national before grand jury proceedings — The law of the United States of America.

Nationality — In general — United States citizen with domicile in foreign country as subject of foreign country — Meaning of “citizen” and “subject” — Relevance of determination to municipal statute governing jurisdiction of federal courts — The law of the United States of America.

Nationality — Expatriation — Statute making expatriation consequence of leaving or remaining outside United States for purpose of avoiding service in armed forces — Whether statute unconstitutional on ground that it is penal in character and lacks safeguards attending criminal prosecutions — Nature of nationality and statelessness — The law of the United States of America.