International law in general — Sources — Customary international law — Equity and equitable principles — New accepted trends of United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea — Adjudication ex aequo et bono distinguished — Informal composite negotiating text of the draft Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Relevance of Petroleum Law 1955 and oil concessions

State territory — Parts of — Boundaries — Land boundaries — Relevance of land boundary to delimitation of continental shelf — Adjacent States — Land frontier at Ras Ajdir — Coast to shelf ratio

State territory — Parts of — Boundaries — Water boundaries — Boundary of continental shelf — Delimitation between adjacent States — Equitable principles and special circumstances — Equidistance — Importance of geographical circumstances — Relevance of coastline — Islands — Coast to shelf ratio

State territory — Parts of — Territorial, waters — Breadth and delimitation of the maritime belt — Dispute between two adjacent States — Base lines — Islands

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Coasting trade and fisheries — Historic fishing rights — Relevance to delimitation of continental shelf

State territory — Parts of — Islands — Whether Jerba and Kerkennahs relevant to delimitation of continental shelf — Whether termination of shelf boundary line to be stipulated — Future claims by Malta

Treaties — Interpretation of — Consideration of preparatory work Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Special agreement between the parties — Whether specific method of delimitation requested

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — The law applicable — Special agreement between the parties Article 1 — Equity — Application of equitable principles distinguished from adjudication ex aequo et bono

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Judgment — Special agreement between the parties — Article 1 — Court asked to specify only principles of delimitation — Specification of practical application

State territory — Parts of — Continental Shelf — Boundaries — Delimitation — Adjacent States — Equitable principles and special circumstances — Geneva Convention on Continental? — Whether identical with adjudication ex aequo et bono — Judgment — Delimitation principles — Practical application

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of State responsibility — For taking of, or interference with, property — Nationalization — Nationalization by State of company in which it was a shareholder Whether in the public interest — Whether nationalization incompatible with contract between State and foreign company

State responsibility — Damages — Award of damages in general — Damages for breach of contractual undertakings given by State — Damages for nationalization contrary to contractual undertakings — Lucrum cessans and damnum emergens

State responsibility — Damages — Indirect damages and damages for loss of profits — Violation by State of contractual undertakings given to foreign company — Nationalization contrary to contractual undertakings — Entitlement to damages for loss of profits — Claims limited to request for nominal damages

State responsibility — Interest — Rate of interest — Damages for breach of contract

State responsibility — Interest — Dies a quo — Award of interest on damages for breach of contract

Disputes — Arbitration — In general — Conception and function of arbitration — Arbitration under Convention for the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, 1965

Disputes — Arbitration — In general — The law applied by arbitral tribunals — Tribunal directed to apply local law supplemented if necessary by international law — Whether local law subordinate to international law

Disputes — Arbitration — In general — Appointment of arbitrators — Convention for the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, 1965 — Failure of one party to appoint arbitrator — Appointment of arbitrator by International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes under Article 38 of Convention

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For other breaches of contractual obligations — Contract between State and foreign company — Stabilization clauses — Nationalization — Whether in the public interest — Whether compatible with stabilization clauses — Status of contract in international law — Duty to pay compensation — Repudiation by State of its contractual obligations — Proper law of agreement — Law of contracting State to be supplemented by international law — Whether local law subordinate to international law — Convention for the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, 1965

Damages — Measure of damages — Loss of profits — Claim limited to nominal amount — Interest — Rate of interest — Date from which interest payable

Arbitration — Arbitration between State and foreign company — ICSID arbitration — Procedure — Appointment of arbitrators — Appointment by International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes in default of appointment by party — Applicable law — Whether Tribunal to act as friendly arbitrator — Existence of a dispute

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Gradual expropriation — Joint venture company established by State and foreign corporations — State progressively treating company as a State corporation — Expropriation of shareholding

State responsibility — Damages — Award of damages in general — Expropriation — Measure of damages — Basis of assessment Breach of contract — Assessment of damages

State responsibility — Damages — Indirect damages and damages for loss of profits — Entitlement to profits from joint venture

State responsibility — Interest — Rate of interest — ICSID arbitration — Power to fix rate ex aequo et bono — Rate of interest requested in Government counterclaim taken as point of reference

Disputes — Arbitration — In general — The law applied by arbitral tribunals — ICSID arbitration — Applicable law — Power of tribunal to rule ex aequo et bono

Disputes — Arbitration — In general — Appointment and withdrawal of arbitrators — ICSID arbitration — Appointment of president of Tribunal — Resignation of president

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Competence to determine jurisdiction — ICSID arbitration — Claim of lis pendens Other challenges to jurisdiction — Jurisdiction over counterclaim

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — ICSID arbitration — Failure of State party to file pleadings within time limits — Whether party in default — Whether delay excused by political upheaval in State Counterclaim — Discretion of Tribunal to admit counterclaim — Costs — Whether party responsible for delay should bear other party's costs — Valuation of property — Expert report commissioned by Tribunal

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For other breaches of contractual obligations — Contract between State and foreign company — Joint venture agreement — Financial guarantees — Failure of State to honour undertakings in agreement — Interference in affairs of venture — Expropriation of foreign company's shareholding in joint venture — Applicable law — Compensation — Convention for the Settlement of Investment Disputes between State and Nationals of Other States, 1965

Damages — Measure of damages — Basis of valuation — Valuation by expert appointed by Tribunal

Arbitration — Arbitration between State and foreign company — ICSID arbitration — Procedure — Alleged default by one party Conduct amounting to a default — Extension of time-limits — Delay attributable to political upheaval in State — Jurisdiction — Lis pendens — Counterclaim — Admissibility — Power of Tribunal to rale ex aequo et bono — Expert report commissioned by Tribunal — Costs of proceedings

State responsibility — Damages — Award of damages in general — Grounds for awarding damages — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 50 — Just satisfaction in respect of established breach — Domestic legal costs and expenses — Costs of moving house — Costs and expenses incurred in establishing violation

Disputes — Other international courts — European Court of Human Rights — Proceedings for just satisfaction in respect of established breach of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 50 — Legal costs before domestic courts and Convention institutions — Other expenses — Whether attributable to violations

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6(1) — Violation of right of access to a court — Article 8 — Violation of right to respect for family life — Article 50 — Just satisfaction — Whether applicant an injured party — Domestic legal costs and expenses — Agreement between parties — Whether of an equitable nature — Costs of moving house — Whether attributable to violations — Costs and expenses referable to proceedings before Convention institutions — Whether borne by applicant

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of State responsibility — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Connected with legislation — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 8 — Whether mere existence of legislation affected right to respect for private life — Whether absence of prosecutions meant law was a dead letter

State responsibility — Damages — Award of damages in general — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 50 — Just satisfaction in respect of established breach — Whether change in law in itself adequate satisfaction without financial compensation

Disputes — Other international courts — European Court of Human Rights — Whether applicant a victim within meaning of Article 25 of European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Margin of appreciation — Article 50 — Just satisfaction — Order for declaration by respondent Government requested — Whether admissible

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 8 — Right to respect for private life — Whether including sexual life — Prohibition of homosexual acts between consenting adults in private — Law of Northern Ireland — Absence of similar prohibition in rest of United Kingdom — Whether mere existence of legislation affected private life — Absence of prosecutions — Whether law no longer enforced — Whether applicant a victim within meaning of Article 25 of Convention — Justifications for interference under Article 8(2) — Whether necessary in a democratic society — Margin of appreciation of national authorities — Whether more extensive for issues involving morals — European standard — Pressing social need — Requirement of proportionality — Whether necessary to examine complaint under Article 14 in conjunction with Article 8

Article 50 — Breach of right to respect for private life established — Just satisfaction — Whether change in law of Northern Ireland in itself adequate satisfaction — Need for financial compensation — Order for declaration by respondent Government requested — Whether admissible — Legal costs and other expenses referable to proceedings before Convention institutions — Whether actually, necessarily and reasonably incurred

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 5(1) — Detention of mentally ill person — Section 66, Mental Health Act 1959 — Recall after conditional discharge — Whether an unjustifiable deprivation of liberty — Review of legality of detention — Habeas corpus — Other available procedures for review — Whether able to secure enjoyment of right guaranteed by Article 5 (4) — Right to prompt and adequate statement of grounds of detention under Article 5 (2) — Whether aspect of complaint under Article 5 (4)

State responsibility — Damages — Award of damages in general — Grounds for awarding damages — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 50 — Just satisfaction in respect of established breaches — Monetary compensation — Settlement between the parties

Disputes — Other international courts — European Court of Human Rights — Proceedings for just satisfaction in respect of established breaches of the European Convention on Human Eights, 1950 — Obligations of the State — Settlement between the parties

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Articles 5(4) and 6(1) — Violation of right to manage own property and affairs established — Article 50 — Commission asked to report settlement between the parties — Just satisfaction — Whether Netherlands obliged to place plaintiff in hostel — Whether Netherlands obliged to pay compensation — Settlement between the parties — Observations by the Commission

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 3 — Inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment — Use or threat of corporal punishment in schools — Article 2 of the First Optional Protocol to the Convention — Respect for parental conviction in matters of education — Right to education — Meaning of “philosophical convictions” — Reservation by United Kingdom — Effects of reservation

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 6 — Right to a fair trial before an impartial tribunal — Criminal proceedings — Court terminating proceedings at close of prosecution case — Finding that degree of injury inflicted and fault insignificant — No opportunity for defendant to present evidence — Whether equivalent to a finding of guilt — Whether Article 6 applicable

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 5 — Detention without trial — Recidivists and habitual offenders — Judicial order that recidivist be placed at the disposal of the Government for a period of years after completing prison sentence — Wide discretion to keep in detention conferred on minister — Whether detention ordered by a competent court — Whether minister’s decision arbitrary — Article 4 — Applicant’s release made conditional upon accumulating savings from prison work — Whether forced labour — Remedies in national law — Relationship between Convention and domestic law

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Whether States parties to human rights treaties assumed obligations towards individuals — Individual right to petition — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969

Treaties — In general — Conception and function of treaties — Character of human rights treaties compared to traditional multilateral treaties — Object and purpose — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of treaties — Ratification of treaties — With reservations — Entry into force — Whether dependent on acceptance by other States parties — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969

Treaties — Interpretation of treaties — Principles and rules of interpretation — Interpretation of provisions in their context — Object and purpose of the treaty

Treaties — Interpretation of treaties — Consideration of preparatory work — Examination ofpreparatory work of the American Convention on Human Rights, 1969

Disputes — Other international courts — Inter-American Court of Human Rights — Scope of advisory jurisdiction — Whether Inter-American Commission competent to request advisory opinion — Adjudicatory and advisory machinery — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of treaties — Reservations — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969, Articles 74 and 75 — Entry into force of a ratification with a reservation — Whether dependent on acceptance by other States parties — Competence of Court to give advisory opinion — Competence of Commission to request advisory opinion — Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties, 1969 — Object and purpose of reservation — Character of human rights treaties compared with traditional multilateral treaties — Whether State parties assumed obligations towards individuals or other States — Availability of adjudicatory and advisory machinery to object to reservations

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of state responsibility — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Whether waivable requirement under American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Whether for benefit of States — Waiver — Whether irrevocable — Decision of Commission on admissibility requirements — Whether reviewable by Court

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Inter-American Court of Human Rights — Contentious jurisdiction — Requirement of procedures before Commission — Whether waivable — Individual right of petition — Risk of adverse effects on rights of individual victims under Convention

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of treaties — Operation and enforcement of treaties — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Contentious litigation before Inter — American Court Requirements of prior exhaustion of domestic remedies and of procedures before Inter — American Commission — Whether waivable — System established by Convention — Functions of Commission Rights of individual victims

Disputes — Other international courts — Inter-American Court of Human Rights — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Requirement of prior exhaustion of procedures before Inter — American Commission — Whether waivable — Whether for sole benefit of States — Rights of individual victims — Functions of Commission — Requirement under Convention of prior exhaustion of domestic remedies — Whether waivable Whether for benefit of States — Need to pass on legal issue at this stage — Decision of Commission on admissibility requirements Whether reviewable by Court — Referral of matter to Commission — Whether to retain application in docket of Court

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Protection of individual rights — Purpose of human rights treaties — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Advisory jurisdiction of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights — Integration of universal and regional human rights agreements

Treaties — In general — Conception and function of treaties — Purpose of human rights treaties — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of treaties — Effect of treaties on third parties — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969, Article 64 — Possible effect of interpretation on States outside inter American system

Treaties — Interpretation of treaties — Principles and rules of interpretation — Traditional international law methods — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969, Articles 31 and 32 American Convention on Human Rights, 1969

Treaties — Interpretation of treaties — Bilingual treaties — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Reference to preparatory work of the Convention — Relevance of Spanish text

Treaties — Interpretation of treaties — Consideration of preparatory work — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969

Disputes — Other international courts — Inter-American Court of Human Rights — Advisory jurisdiction — Scope of — American Convention on Human Rights, 1989, Article 64 — Power of Court to interpret Convention — Power to interpret other treaties — Purpose of Convention — Nature of judicial function — Effect on contentious jurisdiction — Whether interpretation consistent with Article 29 — Possibility of conflicting interpretations from organs outside Inter-American system

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Definition of war — Whether the same in international law and common law

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive — Statement concerning existence of state of war — Whether conclusive in international arbitration under International Chamber of Commerce Rules — Whether conclusive if arbitrator applies municipal law

International organization and administration — The United Nations — Legal nature of the United Nations — Obligations of membership — Armed conflict between members — Whether capable of amounting to war — Presumption against existence of state of war between members of the United Nations

Disputes — Arbitration — In general — The law applied by arbitral tribunals — Arbitration under International Chamber of Commerce Rules — Conclusiveness of Executive statements

War and neutrality — In general — Effects of outbreak of war — On private contracts — Arbitration clause in bank guarantee

War and neutrality — In general — Termination of war — Armistice agreement and agreement to restore normal relations — Whether terminating war — Intention of parties

War and neutrality — In general — Definition and technical meaning of war — Whether one definition of war exists for all purposes Distinction between war and armed conflict not amounting to war — Whether objective or subjective — Animus belligerendi — Evidence of — Broadcast by Head of State — Relevance of parties' membership of the United Nations — Presumption against the existence of a state of war — Declaration of war — Hostilities between India and Pakistan in September 1965 — Whether amounting to war

Termination of war — Whether war can be terminated by armistice agreement — Effects of Tashkent Declaration, 1966

Effects of outbreak of war — On private contracts — Arbitration clause

Arbitration — International commercial arbitration under International Chamber of Commerce Rules — Role of arbitrator — Whether statement by Executive that a State was at war conclusive in international arbitration — Whether statement conclusive if arbitrator is applying municipal law.