Index

Tony McEnery; Isobelle Clarke; Gavin Brookes

doi:10.1017/9781009208932.013

Index

absence, 9, 25, 29–30, 38–42, 226, 257–258

abstraction, 259

adjective

attributive, 21, 23–24, 52, 137, 164, 167

complement clause, 24, 103, 119, 294

predicative, 24, 44, 50, 64, 75–76, 103–104, 118–119, 162–164, 166–167, 178, 180, 257, 279

adverb, general, 38, 64, 269–270, 274–276, 278

affective language, 80, 185

aggregation, 10, 15, 19, 37, 219

amplifier, 44, 64, 76, 103–104, 162–164, 168, 278, 285

analytic negation, 44, 50, 60, 87, 118, 162, 164, 167, 169, 278

annotation, 14, 16–18, 190, 223

of discourse units, 16–18

article

definite, 45, 103, 106, 137, 164, 166, 278, 282, 286

indefinite, 52, 64, 164, 167, 286

assessment scores, 36

attainment, 78

auxiliary DO, 44, 50, 55, 60, 64, 66, 87, 104, 118, 162, 164, 167–169, 278, 283

backchannel, 106, 135, 171, 186, 194, 196, 218

Biber, Douglas, 8–9, 19–22, 24–27, 34–35, 40, 45–46, 56, 73–74, 194, 202, 276, 282–295

Brezina, Vaclav, 11–12, 15, 31, 33, 41

Brookes, Gavin, 4, 9, 12, 26

casual conversation, 26, 183–184, 190, 198–199, 256, 263

Clarke, Isobelle, 9, 28, 30, 161–162, 276, 282, 295

clause, relative, 138–50, 154

coherence, 15–17, 130, 220

cohesion, 91, 207, 283

cohesive device, 92, 104

communicative context, 162–163, 168, 179

communicative function, 20–21, 24, 29–31, 34–37, 44–45, 47–48, 177, 258

and down-sampling, 202

interpretation of, 22, 40

prototypical examples, defined, 40

complementation, 44, 50, 55–56, 273, 277–278, 293

concatenation, 27–28

conjunction

contrastive, 44, 60, 76, 87, 168, 278, 287

coordinating, 44, 46, 64, 104, 164, 278, 287

contracted forms, 23, 45, 66, 107, 110, 119, 180, 277–279, 282, 290

cultural background, 41

and discourse function, 49, 54, 59, 63

and narrative, 221, 232, 266

in the TLC corpus, 41

data sparsity, 10, 14, 172, 258

determiner

demonstrative, 138–150, 154, 169

numeral, 88

possessive, 60, 88, 91–93, 274–275, 279

discourse

macro-structure, defined, 16

macro-structure, introduced, 15–16

meso-structure, discussed, 197–198

micro-structure, defined, 16

micro-structure, introduced, 15–16

discourse function

congruence, 68–69, 86, 264–265

congruence tested by correlation, 107–108

repertoire and speaker role, 86

discourse function (macro)

Affective, 156, 178, 184–189, 201

Attitudinal Descriptions, 174, 201, 204

Descriptive and Affective, 75, 78–80, 82, 85, 90, 178–179, 181–182, 184–185, 201, 207–208

Discourse Management, 170–171, 174, 178, 193–198, 201, 256, 261

Elaborated Speech, 135–136, 170, 173–176, 201, 204

Extended Narrative, 184–185, 190–193, 201, 204

Information Seeking, 118–127, 170, 174, 177–178, 184, 186, 201

Informational Narrative, 103, 106, 108–109, 112–118, 157–158, 177, 183–184, 190, 201, 204, 208, 214–215, 218, 243, 247, 262, 264

Informational Recounts, 170, 173–174, 184, 201, 204

Informative and Instructive, 75, 77–86, 100, 102, 156, 170–174, 177–178, 192, 201, 203, 264

Irrealis, 87–91, 93–100, 107–108, 156, 178, 183–184, 201, 219

Narrative, 170, 174, 178, 190, 201, 204

Non-Narrative, 170, 201

Opinionated Narrative, 170, 184, 204

Persuasion, 118–120, 123, 125–128, 178–183, 201

Realis, 87–99, 102, 104, 107–108, 134, 156, 178, 183, 201

Reveal, 170, 173–174, 178, 201, 204

Seeking and Encoding Stance, 106–112, 115–117, 156, 170, 174, 177–178, 201, 208, 218, 264

Situation Dependent Commentary, 170, 174, 178, 193, 201–205

discourse function (meso)

Apology, 196–198

Conclude, 196–200

Concur, 196–198, 200, 202

Direct, 196–200

Disagree, 196–198

Evaluate, 196–198, 200

Inform, 196–198, 200

Initiate, 196–200

Repair, 196–198

discourse function (micro)

Advisory, 169, 171, 173–176

Attitudinal Descriptions, 162–164

Descriptive, 64, 66, 98, 123, 127

Discourse Management, 161

Discovering Stance, 64

Discussing the Here and Now, 64

Elaborated Speech, 158, 161

Epistemic Stance, 164, 171

Future Orientation, 64

Guide Future Action, 64

Infer, 54–59

Information Seeking, 64, 66–67, 86, 97–98, 100, 102–103, 111–114, 116–117, 123, 126, 136, 156, 165, 243, 247, 262

Informational, 44–46, 48

Informational Recounts, 164–165

Interactive Information Exchange, 162–163, 171

Interjection (other), 64

Interjection (positive), 64

Involved, 44–49, 136, 219

Irrealis, 49–55

Narrative, 59–62, 64–65, 67–68, 102–103, 113–115, 117, 136, 166, 172, 219, 234

Non-Narrative, 59, 61–63, 65, 166–167, 219, 234

Opinionated Narrative, 167–168

Past Orientation, 64

Personal Narrative, 169–171, 174–175

Realis, 49, 52–54

Reveal, 54, 56–59, 66–67, 165–166

Situation Dependent Commentary, 167–168

Stance Seeking, 64, 113–114

Stating Stance, 64

downtoner, 135, 163, 167–168, 268, 278, 285

Egbert, Jesse, 16–18, 26, 180, 218

errors

and macro-structure, 16–17, 72

and MDA, 259

and task, 72

examinee, and co-construction of discourse, 33–34

examiner

and co-construction of discourse, 33–34

discourse micro-structures, 64–68

roles in GESE, 6–8

prompt, role in narrative, 247–248

factor loadings, 22, 40

false starts, 12, 84, 171

filler

initial, 279, 291

non-initial, 291

first person, 162, 165, 169, 278

formulaic expressions, 85–86, 89, 106

Friginal, Eric, 26, 36–37

Gablasova, Dana, 6, 11, 41

general determiner, 45, 64, 278

general interjection, 64, 161, 166

GESE (General Examination of Spoken English)

described, 6

grades mapped to CEFR, 6

Grieve, Jack, 25, 30, 162, 276, 295

HAVE as main verb, 60, 118

individual variation, 146

and language learning, 117

infrequent features, treatment of, 268–269

interjection, positive, 104, 161, 165, 167–169, 257, 279, 291

interruption, 12, 40–41

Labov, William, 206, 212

and Waletzky, Joshua, 209–211, 213–215, 222–223, 225, 228, 234, 242

Le Roux, Brigitte, and Rouanet, Henry, 30, 38, 40, 268

learner corpus studies, 11, 15, 265

McEnery, Tony, 2, 4–5, 9, 11, 15, 26, 31, 33, 41

metadata, collection for TLC, 8

middle adult, 236–237

modal

of possibility, 50, 55

of prediction, 55, 60

monologue, treatment by examiner, 154

multiple correspondence analysis (MCA)

introduced, 29–30

use in short-text MDA, 30

narrative

contextual approach, 214–215

critique of Labovian model, 213–14

declaratives as mid-narrative prompts, 246

elicitation, 243

initiating prompts, defined, 242

interactional, 214–215

L1 and mid-narrative prompts, 252

Labovian model, 211–213

and language learning, 220

in linguistics, 206–207

mid-narrative prompt, defined, 242

mid-narrative prompt as scaffolding, 243

onset, 242

questions as initiating prompts, 243–244

questions as mid-narrative prompts, 245

requests as initiating prompts, 244–245

in second language acquisition research, 220–221

small stories approach, 215

in sociolinguistics, 209–211

nominalisation, 23, 54, 289

noun

general, 45, 64, 164, 167, 257, 272, 277

numeral, 88, 103, 135, 137–150, 154, 164, 274, 278, 284

proper, 44–45, 50, 52, 60, 87–88, 118, 137, 164–167, 169, 275, 278–279, 284, 288

older adult, 8, 236–237, 250

passives, 138–150, 154

past tense, 23, 60, 67, 103–104, 106, 119, 137, 158, 166, 168, 170, 210, 223, 257, 273, 279, 282, 289

possession, 60–61, 87–88, 137, 164, 274–275, 279, 283, 286, 288

pragmatics

conversational maxims, 95

cooperative principle, defined, 129

face threat, 180–181, 187–190

general, 130–131

maxim of quality, 130

maxim of relation, 95

maxim of relevance, 130

negative face, 185, 188

positive face, 185–188, 194

social, defined, 131

preposition, 21, 23–24, 44–45, 64, 87, 104, 164, 279, 286

pronoun

demonstrative, 23–24, 54, 163, 166, 168–169, 270

first person, 55, 57, 64, 166, 170

it, 44, 50, 64, 76, 104, 162, 164, 167–168

object, 52, 57, 60, 74, 76, 162, 165–166, 168, 279

possessive, 60, 275

second person, 50, 52, 54–55, 60, 103, 166–167

subject, 45, 57, 64, 166, 279, 283, 288, 293

third person, 60, 64, 87, 103–104, 106, 158, 170

propensity, and discourse unit length, 73–74

replication, of communicative functions analysis, 256

scaffolding, 81–82, 84, 116, 132, 247–248

severe test, defined, 33

short-text MDA. See also multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), use in short-text MDA

and grammatical errors, 258–259

length limits, 257–258

and proficiency, 258–259

and supplementary variables, 258

social context, 68

and speaker roles, 34, 129, 131, 199

social interaction. See social context

socio-pragmatics. See pragmatics, social, defined

speaker

adolescent, 236–237, 250

middle adult, 8, 237–238, 250

older adult, 237

young, 5, 8, 236–240, 249–250, 253

young adult, 236–237, 250

Spoken BNC 2014

described, 12–13

size of coded data, 18

student L1

Chinese, 37, 49, 54–55, 59, 63, 93–94, 200, 222–223, 225–230, 234, 236–240, 246, 249, 251–253

Gujarati, 49, 54–55, 59, 63

Hindi, 49, 55, 59, 63, 223, 225–232, 234, 236–240, 249–254

Italian, 37, 48–49, 54–55, 59, 63, 77, 84, 97, 103, 120, 222–223, 225–230, 234, 236, 238, 249, 251–252

Marathi, 49, 54–55, 59, 63

Portuguese, 25, 48–49, 54–55, 59, 63, 125

Russian, 49, 54–55, 59, 63

Sinhala, 49, 54–55, 59, 63

Spanish, 10, 25, 36–37, 48–49, 54–55, 59, 63, 65, 94, 109–110, 207, 222–223, 225–240, 249, 251–253

Tamil, 49, 55, 59, 63

student’s country of origin

Argentina, 48–49, 55, 59, 63, 65, 199, 226–231, 236–240, 249, 251–253

Brazil, 49, 55, 59, 63

China, 48–49, 55, 59, 63

China (Hong Kong), 48

India, 49, 55, 59, 63, 93, 113, 132, 231–232, 253–254

Italy, 49, 55, 59, 63, 78, 84

Mexico, 48–49, 51–52, 55, 59, 63, 65, 132, 224, 226–231, 236, 238, 251–252

Russia, 49, 55, 59, 63

Spain, 48–49, 55, 59, 63, 65, 75, 132, 226–231, 236, 238–240, 249, 251–252

Sri Lanka, 49, 55, 59, 63

subordinator

cause, 75–76, 87, 278, 287

conditional, 87, 269

suspension of turn taking, 190–193

task

Conversation, defined, 7

Discussion, defined, 6–7

Greeting, defined, 6

Interactive, defined, 7

Listening, described, 193

Presentation, defined, 7

Trinity Lancaster Corpus

described, 8

size of coded data, 18

Trinity Lancaster L1 Corpus

described, 14

size of coded data, 18

verb

general, 50, 60, 64, 165, 257, 272–277

infinitive, 50, 60, 64, 76–77, 118, 162, 165, 169, 294

of perception, 135, 278, 286

private, 21, 23–24, 44, 50, 60–61, 87, 162–164, 168, 279, 286

public, 23, 50, 60, 64, 76, 162–163, 166–167, 257, 279, 285

stance, 50, 76–77, 87, 118–119, 162–163, 165, 168–169, 279

stative, 64, 162–166, 268, 270, 279, 290

third person singular, 50, 55, 279

WH-word, 44, 50, 56, 64, 66, 118, 283

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