Soccer is a sport in which players are exposed to long-term periods of training and players need to augment strength and fat-free mass gains by resistance training, minimize muscle damage and soreness and help to improve endurance. Recently, the incidence of injuries has increased during and preceding soccer matches, which influences the effectiveness of the team. One study(Reference Mashiko, Umeda, Yamamoto and Sugawara1)has reported that muscle injury resulting from intensive exercise triggers the immune response of Ig and complement in serum, and induces the inflammatory reaction. Although neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is thought to play a part in clearance of phagocyte-damaged host tissue, such as muscle tissue, by exercise(Reference Peake and Suzuki2), oxidative stress has been associated with decreased physical performance, muscular fatigue, muscle damage, and overshooting inflammation(Reference König, Wagner, Elmadfa and Berg3). In a well-trained player a good diet can enhance physical and athletic performance and decrease the incidence of injuries during soccer matches. The repetition of intense exercise diminishes the neutrophil inflammatory reaction, and the recovery from physical damage may be delayed(Reference Rebelo, Candeias, Fraga, Duarte, Soares, Magalhaes and Torrinha4). However, it has been observed that carbohydrate ingestion has only a minimal influence on the immune response to exercise(Reference Bishop, Blannin, Robson, Walsh and Gleeson5). It has been suggested that 4 weeks of Fe supplementation significantly increases body Fe stores and inhibits the decrease in Hb concentration induced by soccer training(Reference Kang and Matsuo6). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the dietary intake of nutrients of relevance to immunonutrition in relation to muscle damage in young high-level soccer players (group A: n 20, age 17–18 years; group B: n 22, age 20–24 years). The 24 h diet-record method was used by the dietitian of the soccer club to analyse the dietary intake of arginine, branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine), Zn, Cu, Fe, Se, Mg and vitamins A, C and E.
The results showed that 65% of the players between 20 and 24 years of age had intakes below the Spanish and European recommended intakes (SERI) for Zn and Mg, whereas approximately 60% of the youngest players were below the SERI only for Zn. Nevertheless, if results were compared with recommended values for sportsmen (SRV), >65% of both groups failed to achieve the SRV for Fe, Zn and vitamins A, C and E.
In conclusion, the results show that the group of players studied need to include in their diet foods containing antioxidant vitamins, Fe and Zn in order to prevent possible muscle damage. Currently, a nutritional education programme is being developed to promote an appropriate food pattern to aid the reduction of lesions in soccer players.
The work was supported by University of Valencia (UV-AE-20070219).
