International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties and implementing legislation — Franco-German Agreement for compensation of French victims of Nazi persecution — French decree providing for distribution of compensation — Definition of classes of beneficiaries — Whether in accordance with terms of treaty — Whether issue justiciable — The law of France.

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of — New Zealand — Statute providing for jurisdiction over crimes on board Commonwealth ships on the high seas — Whether unconstitutional — Whether contrary to international law — Whether intra vires New Zealand legislature — The law of New Zealand.

Jurisdiction — On the high seas — Piracy — Other crimes — Attempted murder — New Zealand — Statute providing for jurisdiction over crimes on board Commonwealth ships on the high seas — Whether unconstitutional — Whether contrary to international law — Whether intra vires New Zealand legislature — The law of New Zealand.

States as international persons — Composite and dependent States and territories — British Commonwealth of Nations — New Zealand — New Zealand Constitution Acts and Statute of Westminster — Whether New Zealand General Assembly possesses power to legislate with extraterritorial effect — The law of New Zealand.

States as international persons — State succession — Succession with regard to contractual and other obligations and concessions — Claim against Maharaja of Indian State — State merged into Indian Union — Whether claim binding on successor — Administrative provision for claims against former sovereign — Whether constituting acceptance of liability for claims — Whether claims might be rejected as an act of State — The law of India.

International law — Relation to municipal law — Customary international law and the law of Belgium — Treaty of Cession, 1907, between Belgium and Independent State of the Congo — Belgian Law of 1908 (Colonial Charter) — Whether Treaty and Law in conflict — Status of Belgian Congo — Whether Belgium liable for debts of Belgian Congo — Whether courts must apply customary international law when in conflict with municipal law — The law of Belgium.

States as international persons — Dependent territories — Colonies — Status of Belgian Congo — Whether separate legal entity in international law — Whether Belgium liable for debts of Congo — Belgian Law of 1908 (Colonial Charter) — Separation of assets and liabilities of Belgium and Belgian Congo — Whether in conflict with Treaty of Cession, 1907, between Belgium and Independent State of the Congo — The law of Belgium.

Treaties — Operation of — Whether conferring rights on individuals — Relation to municipal law — Treaty of Cession, 1907, between Belgium and Independent State of the Congo — Acquisition of sovereignty" with all rights and obligations attached thereto “Whether Belgium thereby liable for Congo's debts to individuals — Whether Treaty in conflict with Law of 1908 (Colonial Charter) — The law of Belgium.

Treaties — Operation of — Whether binding on nationals of Contracting States — Payments Agreements — Whether municipal legislation necessary — Payments Agreement between Turkey and Belgium, 1948 — Contract made after signature of Agreement but before approval by Belgian legfslaturev Whether Belgian courts bound to apply Agreement — The law of Belgium.

States as international persons — State succession — Succession to rights and obligations — Succession to quasi-delictual liability — Dismembered State — Colony acquiring independence — Belgium and Belgian Congo — Whether Belgium succeeded to Congo’s assets and liabilities after independence — Debt incurred before independence — Debt with corresponding benefit to territory where incurred — Liability for wrongful acts of administrative officials of Congo incurred before independence — Basis of liability under customary international law — Equity — Belgian Law of 1908 (Colonial Charter) — Separation of assets and liabilities of Belgium and Belgian Congo — Effect of repeal of this Law — The law of Belgium.

State succession — International conventions — Multilateral conventions — Convention on the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1927 — Convention acceded to by United Kingdom and extended to Kenya — Municipal legislation passed to give effect to convention in Kenya — Whether legislation still in force in Kenya so as to give effect there to convention after Kenya’s attainment of independence — The law of Kenya.

Division of territory — Legal consequences — Germany — Inter-zonal trade between the two parts of Germany — Whether foreign or inland trade — Whether its regulation by laws of Occupation Powers constitutional — Reasons for continuance of occupation laws — The law of Germany.

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Over territory in general and persons and property situated therein — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Trade-marks — Property of German company seized by U.S.S.R. as war reparations — Whether including French trade-mark — The law of France.

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Application of legislation in respect of organization existing only in another country — Whether constitutes giving extra-territorial effect to legislation — The law of Southern Rhodesia.

States as international persons — State succession — International conventions — Protectorate — Agreements by Protecting Power establishing ecclesiastical courts — Whether jurisdiction survives termination of protectorate — The law of Morocco.

Jurisdiction — Extraterritorial — Ecclesiastical courts in Morocco — Whether jurisdiction in matters of personal status survived termination of Protectorate — The law of Morocco.

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Over territory in general and persons and property situated therein — Ecclesiastical courts in Morocco — Whether possessing jurisdiction in disputes between Christians concerning matters of personal status — Whether judgment enforceable as a foreign judgment — Jurisdiction determined by Franco-Spanish Agreement, 1922 — Whether subsisting after termination of protectorate — The law of Morocco.

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and retrictions upon jurisdiction — Foreign States — Claim for repairs to Embassy — Whether claim can be brought in German Federal Court — Absolute State immunity — Restricted State immunity — Distinction between acta jure imperii and acta jure gestionis — Whether based on purpose of activity or on link between activity and sovereign functions of State or on whether activity gainful or not — Whether decisive factor nature of activity and legal relationship resulting therefrom — Whether characterization of activities as sovereign or non-sovereign determined by international law or municipal law — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — Foreign States — Acts jure imperii and jure gestionis — Contracts for construction of buildings to house American officials in France — Dispute between French contractor and United States Foreign Buildings Operation Department — Whether French courts competent — The law of France.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — Foreign States — Treaty containing undertaking to take over obligations of company to private bondholders — Whether undertaking of public or private law character — Arbitration clause — Whether constituting waiver of jurisdictional immunity — The law of France.

Jurisdiction — Exemptions from — Foreign States and their organs — Acts jure imperii and jure gestionis — Contractual undertaking as act jure gestionis — The law of Belgium.

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Irregular apprehension — Kidnapping of French national in West Germany — Arrest on French territory — Trial for political offences — Whether French courts have jurisdiction — Whether jurisdiction dependent on fulfilling formal extradition procedures — The law of France.

State responsibility — Claims — Nationality of — Proof of nationality — Evidence of ownership of Italian corporation — Simulated transaction to conceal true ownership — Bona fide third parties not bound by simulated transaction — Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947 (Article 78 (4) (b)).

State responsibility — Claims — Global indemnity — Distribution by claims commission — Franco-Polish Agreement of 19 March 1948 — Nationality of claims — Polish companies under French control — Whether companies entitled to compensation — Whether French shareholders entitled to compensation — Whether Polish company under French control entitled to compensation as shareholder in another Polish company — The law of France.

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — In matters of domestic jurisdiction — Reserved domain — Belgian legislation on use of languages in education — Whether within scope of application of European Convention on Human Rights — Whether subject to review by European Court of Human Rights.

Disputes — European Court of Human Rights — Jurisdiction Preliminary objections — Objection to competence of Court ratione materiae — Contention that subject — matter of complaint outside scope of European Convention on Human Rights and within reserved domain — Belgian legislation on use of languages in education — Whether applicability of Convention of a preliminary character — Whether pertaining to the merits.

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention for Protection of — Articles 8 (right to respect for private and family life) and 14 (non-discrimination) — First Protocol (Article 2 (right to education)) — Belgian legislation on use of languages in education — Complaints by French-speaking inhabitants of Flemish-language region — Alleged failure of Belgian State to provide French-language education — Refusal to provide grants for institutions not complying with language legislation and to homologate leaving certificates issued — Whether compatible with Convention and Protocol — Whether within reserved domain — Meaning and scope of Article 2 of Protocol and Articles 8 and 14 of Convention — Whether conferring independent right — Whether operative in conjunction only with rights set out in other Articles — “Discrimination” — Criteria for interpretation — “Objective and reasonable justification” — “Proportionality between means employed and aim to be realized” — Limits to review by court — Subsidiary nature of international machinery of collective enforcement under Convention.

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention for Protection of — Article 5 (3) (right to trial within a reasonable time and to release pending trial) — Determination of reasonableness of period of detention — Basis for review of decisions of municipal courts by European Court of Human Rights — Relationship between Article 5 (3) and Articles 5 (1) (c) and 6 (1) — Facts subsequent to lodging of application — Article 26 (exhaustion of domestic remedies) — Whether precluding Court from consideration of period of detention subsequent to application — Whether issue of exhaustion of domestic remedies may be raised before Court only if previously raised before Commission.

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — European Convention for Protection of — Article 5 (3) (right to trial within a reasonable time and to release pending trial) — Determination of reasonableness of period of detention — Basis for review of decisions of municipal courts by European Court of Human Rights — Whether danger of repetition of offences as ground for detention compatible with Convention — Facts subsequent to lodging of application — Article 26 (exhaustion of domestic remedies) — Whether precluding Court from considering period of detention subsequent to application — Whether issue of exhaustion of domestic remedies may be raised before Court only if previously raised before Commission — Prolonged pre-trial investigation — Whether compatible with Convention — Article 5 (4) (right to take proceedings for decision on lawfulness of detention) — Article 6 (1) (right to fair and public hearing within reasonable time) — Principle of equality of parties — Decisions on detention on remand.