Consular relations — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, Article 36 — Requirement that consulate be informed of detention of one of its nationals — Whether conferring rights upon individuals — Consequences of non-compliance — Whether evidence obtained during detention not notified to consulate must be suppressed — Extent to which complaint of non-compliance may be excluded because not raised at earlier point in proceedings — Relationship between Articles 36(1) and (2) — Remedies for non-compliance — Optional Protocol — Extent of jurisdiction

International Court of Justice — Jurisdiction — Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963 — Extent of jurisdiction conferred by Optional Protocol — Whether extending to claim for breach of provisional measures — Whether extending to claim based on customary law concept of diplomatic protection — Admissibility of claims

International Court of Justice — Provisional measures of protection — Statute of the International Court of Justice, Article 41 — Whether order indicating provisional measures legally binding — Differences between English and French texts of Article 41 — Object and purpose of the Statute and of Article 41 — Court ordering stay of execution — State carrying out execution

Treaties — Interpretation — Treaty authentic in more than one language — Differences between authentic texts — Means of resolution — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Articles 31–3

Consular relations — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, Article 36 — Requirement that consulate be informed of detention of one of its nationals — Whether conferring rights upon individuals — Consequences of non-compliance — Whether evidence obtained during detention not notified to consulate must be suppressed — Extent to which complaint of non-compliance may be excluded because not raised at earlier point in proceedings — Relationship between Articles 36(1) and (2) — Remedies for non-compliance — Optional Protocol — Extent of jurisdiction

International Court of Justice — Jurisdiction — Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963 — Extent of jurisdiction conferred by Optional Protocol — Whether extending to claim for breach of provisional measures — Whether extending to claim based on customary law concept of diplomatic protection — Admissibility of claims

International Court of Justice — Provisional measures of protection — Statute of the International Court of Justice, Article 41 — Criteria for the indication of provisional measures

Treaties — Interpretation — Principles of interpretation — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Articles 31–3

Nationality — Proof of nationality — Dual nationality — Nationality of claims

Human rights — Prohibition of torture — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 3 — Whether applicants facing real risk of treatment proscribed by Article 3 in Uzbekistan — Evidence — Assessment at date of extradition — Turkey failing to comply with interim measure indicated under Rule 39 — Court being prevented from assessing risk in appropriate manner — Whether Turkey violating Article 3

Human rights — Right to fair trial — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 6(1) — Whether applying to extradition proceedings in Turkey — Whether violation of Article 6(1) concerning criminal proceedings in Uzbekistan — Whether risk of flagrant denial of justice — Evidence at time of extradition — Unavailability of additional information — Turkey failing to comply with indication — Whether Turkey violating Article 6(1)

Human rights — Right of individual application — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 34 — Turkey failing to comply with measures indicated under Rule 39 of Rules of Court — Whether Turkey breaching its Article 34 undertaking not to hinder applicants in exercise of right of individual application

International tribunals — Interim measures — Scope — Whether binding — Convention system — General principles of international law — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Relevant international case law — European Court of Human Rights, Rule 39 of Rules of Court

Human rights — Right to life — Capital punishment — Whether prohibited by American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Limitations — Procedure to be followed — Requirement to take account of individual circumstances — Mandatory death penalty incompatible with the Convention — Access to court for challenges to death penalty — Due process — Right to apply for commutation of sentence — Procedure to be followed

Human rights — Cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment — Prison conditions — Death row prisoners — Conditions of detention amounting to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969

Human rights — Due process — Requirements of fair trial — Capital case — Requirement of legal assistance

International tribunals — Provisional measures of protection — Court ordering stay of execution — Person concerned executed in defiance of provisional measures

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Requirement that State ensure municipal law effectively guarantees Convention rights — Existence of law which contravenes such rights a breach of the Convention

Human rights — Right to life — Capital punishment — Mandatory death penalty — Whether compatible with Article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Prerogative of mercy — Whether Covenant prescribing procedure to be followed — Due process — Delay — Ill-treatment following arrest — Conditions of detention — Legal aid — Whether required for constitutional challenge based on Covenant rights — Object and purpose of the Covenant and the Optional Protocol — Reservations to the Optional Protocol

International tribunals — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Jurisdiction — Reservation to State’s accession to the Optional Protocol — Whether limiting jurisdiction of the Tribunal — Whether reservation compatible with object and purpose of the Optional Protocol — Severability of reservation

Treaties — Reservations — Permissibility — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Article 19 — Reservation to the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Object and purpose of the Optional Protocol — Whether reservation compatible with object and purpose — Effect of impermissible reservation — Whether severable

Human rights — Right to life — Capital punishment — Mandatory death penalty — Whether compatible with the Constitution of Barbados — Savings clause for existing laws — Effect of international treaties for the protection of human rights

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Human rights treaties not incorporated into municipal law — Relevance as aid to interpretation — The law of Barbados

Human rights — Right to life — Capital punishment — Recourse to international human rights body — Whether stay of execution required pending outcome of international proceedings — Whether petition for clemency should be stayed pending outcome of international proceedings — Due process

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Unincorporated treaties — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Effect in municipal law — Right of access to international tribunals — Legitimate expectation — International human rights petitions — Prerogative of mercy — Capital punishment — The law of Barbados

Human rights — Right to life — Capital punishment — Recourse to international human rights body — Whether stay of execution required pending outcome of international proceedings — Whether petition for clemency should be stayed pending outcome of international proceedings — Due process

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Unincorporated treaties — American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 — Effect in municipal law — Right of access to international tribunals — Legitimate expectation — International human rights petitions — Prerogative of mercy — Capital punishment — The law of Jamaica

Human rights — Inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment — Right to a fair trial — Right of access to justice — Relevant case law — Relevant international instruments — Death sentence mandatory for offence of murder in Malawi — Whether constitutional — Whether mandatory death penalty violating Sections 19, 42(2) (f) and 41(2) of Malawi Constitution — Whether Section 210 of Malawi Penal Code invalid pursuant to Section 5 of Malawi Constitution — The law of Malawi

Human rights — Right to life — Right to equal protection — Mandatory death penalty — Whether constitutional — Whether mandatory death penalty arbitrary — Whether depriving of life in accordance with the law — Whether customary international law rule prohibiting hanging as mode of execution — Whether domestic legislation inconsistent with Singapore Constitution — Whether mandatory death penalty violating Articles 9, 12 and 93 of Singapore Constitution

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Customary international law — Prohibition against cruel and inhuman treatment or punishment — Whether specific customary international law prohibition against hanging as mode of execution — State practice — Whether sufficient evidence for customary international law prohibition against death penalty generally — Whether customary international law rule or domestic statute prevailing in event of inconsistency — Whether Singapore Constitution importing customary international law into Singapore — Treaties and customary international law — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963 — Whether stating principles of customary international law

Consular relations — Treaties — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963 — Singapore not party to Convention — Prevailing norms of conduct between States — Whether requirement of consular access before statements recorded — Whether statements admissible — Whether breach of Article 36(1) — The law of Singapore

Human rights — Right to life — Capital punishment — Mandatory death penalty — Whether compatible with the Constitution of Trinidad and Tobago — Savings clause for existing laws — Effect of international treaties for the protection of human rights

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Human rights treaties not incorporated into municipal law — Relevance as aid to interpretation — The law of Trinidad and Tobago

Consular relations — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, Article 36 — Requirement that consulate be informed of detention of one of its nationals — Whether conferring rights upon individuals — Consequences of non-compliance — Whether evidence obtained during detention not notified to consulate must be suppressed — Extent to which complaint of non-compliance may be excluded because not raised at earlier point in proceedings

Human rights — Due process — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, Article 36 — Requirement that State notify consulate of detention of foreign national — Whether conferring rights upon individual detainees — Non-compliance — Whether entitling individual to exclude evidence obtained during detention

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Decisions of international courts and tribunals — Effect in municipal law — Effect of decisions of International Court of Justice — Whether binding or merely persuasive — Municipal remedies for international violations — Where relevant instrument does not stipulate specific international remedy — Where also refers back to municipal law — Scope of discretion for municipal courts — Considerations for federal states

Treaties — Interpretation and application — Whether conferring rights upon individuals — Interpretation of treaty by International Court of Justice — Weight to be given to this interpretation by national court — The law of the United States