Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T10:27:35.175Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Is eye contact the key to the social brain?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 December 2010

Atsushi Senju
Affiliation:
Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom. a.senju@bbk.ac.ukmark.johnson@bbk.ac.uk
Mark H. Johnson
Affiliation:
Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom. a.senju@bbk.ac.ukmark.johnson@bbk.ac.uk

Abstract

Eye contact plays a critical role in many aspects of face processing, including the processing of smiles. We propose that this is achieved by a subcortical route, which is activated by eye contact and modulates the cortical areas involve in social cognition, including the processing of facial expression. This mechanism could be impaired in individuals with autism spectrum disorders.

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bailey, A. J., Braeutigam, S., Jousmaki, V. & Swithenby, S. J. (2005) Abnormal activation of face processing systems at early and intermediate latency in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: A magnetoencephalographic study. European Journal of Neuroscience 21:2575–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chawarska, K. & Shic, F. (2009) Looking but not seeing: Atypical visual scanning and recognition of faces in 2 and 4-year old children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 39:1663–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elsabbagh, M., Volein, A., Csibra, G., Holmboe, K., Garwood, H., Tucker, L., Krljes, S., Baron-Cohen, S., Bolton, P., Charman, T., Baird, G. & Johnson, M. H. (2009) Neural correlates of eye gaze processing in the infant broader autism phenotype. Biological Psychiatry 65:3138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
George, N., Driver, J. & Dolan, R. J. (2001) Seen gaze-direction modulates fusiform activity and its coupling with other brain areas during face processing. NeuroImage 13:1102–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, M. H. (2005) Subcortical face processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6:766–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kleinhans, N. M., Richards, T., Sterling, L., Stegbauer, K. C., Mahurin, R., Johnson, L. C., Greenson, J., Dawson, G. & Aylward, E. (2008) Abnormal functional connectivity in autism spectrum disorders during face processing. Brain 131:1000–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magnée, M. J., Stekelenburg, J. J., Kemner, C. & de Gelder, B. (2007) Similar facial electromyographic responses to faces, voices, and body expressions. NeuroReport 18:369–72.Google Scholar
McIntosh, D. N., Reichmann-Decker, A., Winkielman, P. & Wilbarger, J. L. (2006) When the social mirror breaks: Deficits in automatic, but not voluntary, mimicry of emotional facial expressions in autism. Developmental Science 9:295302.Google Scholar
Oberman, L. M., Winkielman, P. & Ramachandran, V. S. (2009) Slow echo: Facial EMG evidence for the delay of spontaneous, but not voluntary, emotional mimicry in children with autism spectrum disorders. Developmental Science 12:510–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Senju, A. & Johnson, M. A. (2009a) The eye contact effect: Mechanisms and development. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13:127–34.Google Scholar
Senju, A. & Johnson, M. H. (2009b) Atypical eye contact in autism: Models, mechanisms and development. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 33:1204–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Senju, A., Yaguchi, K., Tojo, Y. & Hasegawa, T. (2003) Eye contact does not facilitate detection in children with autism. Cognition 89:B4351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomalski, P., Johnson, M. H. & Csibra, G. (2009) Temporal-nasal asymmetry of rapid orienting to face-like stimuli. NeuroReport 20:1309–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed