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Neonatal imitation in context: Sensorimotor development in the perinatal period

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2016

Nazim Keven  and
Kathleen A. Akins
Nazim Keven
Affiliation:
Department of Philosophy, Bilkent University, TR-06800 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkeynazimkeven@bilkent.edu.trhttp://sci-phi.com/
Kathleen A. Akins
Affiliation:
Department of Philosophy, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canadakathleea@sfu.cahttp://www.sfu.ca/~kathleea/
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Abstract

More than 35 years ago, Meltzoff and Moore (1977) published their famous article, “Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates.” Their central conclusion, that neonates can imitate, was and continues to be controversial. Here, we focus on an often-neglected aspect of this debate, namely, neonatal spontaneous behaviors themselves. We present a case study of a paradigmatic orofacial “gesture,” namely tongue protrusion and retraction (TP/R). Against the background of new research on mammalian aerodigestive development, we ask: How does the human aerodigestive system develop, and what role does TP/R play in the neonate's emerging system of aerodigestion? We show that mammalian aerodigestion develops in two phases: (1) from the onset of isolated orofacial movements in utero to the postnatal mastery of suckling at 4 months after birth; and (2) thereafter, from preparation to the mastery of mastication and deglutition of solid foods. Like other orofacial stereotypies, TP/R emerges in the first phase and vanishes prior to the second. Based upon recent advances in activity-driven early neural development, we suggest a sequence of three developmental events in which TP/R might participate: the acquisition of tongue control, the integration of the central pattern generator (CPG) for TP/R with other aerodigestive CPGs, and the formation of connections within the cortical maps of S1 and M1. If correct, orofacial stereotypies are crucial to the maturation of aerodigestion in the neonatal period but also unlikely to co-occur with imitative behavior.

Keywords

activity-dependent neural developmentaerodigestionimitationneonatal behaviourperinatal developmentstereotypy
Type
Target Article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 40 , 2017 , e381
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

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