This paper derives price-cost margins for the old newspaper (ONP) input market for newsprint manufacture and then examines the effects of two government policies and two variables measuring the market performances of ONP input and newsprint output on the oligopsonist's ONP price-cost margins. In the wastepaper recycling market in particular, the ONP input market has not been successful in using the ONP generated. The outcomes of the study are that various degrees of price distortions existed in the ONP input markets in four regions of the United States during 1972–1995. Demand-side policy had a positive effect and supply-side policy had a negative effect on ONP price–cost margins in all regions.

U.S. rice industry producers face pressure from consumers, suppliers, and the government to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with rice (Oryza sativa L.) production. Arkansas rice cultivar-specific net GHG emissions information allows models of paddy rice emissions. Baseline levels of profit, yield variance, and GHG emissions are established using extension data. Varietal selection is then optimized to maximize profits and minimize GHG emissions, both constrained and unconstrained by baseline yield variance. Carbon abatement functions are estimated to examine the effects of hypothetical carbon prices on varietal selection.

Socioeconomic factors influencing consumer demand for nursery products and landscape projects were investigated using consumer survey data collected from North Carolina in 2008. Tobit models were estimated for censored dependent variables, budget expenditure shares on nursery products, and landscape spending. The most significant factors influencing the share of income spent on nursery products were age and household income. The elderly and baby boomers tend to spend less on bedding plants, perennials, and outdoor hardscapes than Generations X and Y. The income elasticities suggest that the amount spent on outdoor living projects is sensitive to changes in household income, whereas spending in vegetable plants and chemicals is less responsive to income.

The aim of this article is to analyse the influence that regional public intervention had in the economic growth and development of Navarre between the end of the XIXth century and 1970. By means of a «sui generis» fiscal federalism, Navarre's Treasury's provision of «merit goods» and infrastructure were above the average level of Spain. However, it was not until the 60s that these incentives, and a lower tax pressure, contributed to the industrialisation of the region. The Programme of Industrial Promotion of 1964 favoured business investments, which accelerated the transformation of this regional economy. Nevertheless, public intervention was preceded by the forces of the market, which inserted Navarre among one of the principal axis of the economic development of Spain at the end of the XXth century.

Le multiplicateur d'investissement fut conçu dans les années trente pour établir l'existence d'une hausse cumulative des revenus provoquée par les dépenses d'investissement. Cependant cette démarche a mené à une impasse : des caractéristiques contradictoires étaient attribuées aux concepts fondamentaux ; c'est ainsi que l'épargne, pourtant considérée comme un résidu, déterminait en fait la limite de la multiplication. Un réexamen de la nature de l'épargne conduit à préciser la nature du multiplicande et à faire passer le multiplicateur au second plan. On dispose alors d'une interprétation nouvelle des opérations de création et de destruction des revenus, dans le respect de la relation I = S.

The observed fact that firms invest even if capacities are not fully employed does not fit into most standard formalizations of optimal firm behaviour. In this paper, the q investment approach is adapted to an imperfect competitive economy where the representative firm is assumed to face demand uncertainty. Nominal rigidities and short-run factor complementarity are imposed as sufficient conditions to allow for the coexistence of investment and excess capacity. Since capacities are underemployed, marginal q is shown to diverge from average q. Finally, excess capacity subsists at steady state being more than a short-run phenomena.

The principle of effective demand decomposes in two distinct propositions, one pertaining to the analysis of actual, the other to the analysis of equilibrium states. The authors suggest that Keynes' apparatus of aggregate supply and demand decomposes correspondingly in two pairs of aggregate functions. They thus extend to the supply side a duality which had already been noticed on the demand side. Such an extension leads to a reconsideration of the debate between two conflicting views of the aggregate supply function which originated in Patinkin's contributions. The authors' argument emphasizes the role of aggregation over optimizing producers, and the status of intermediate goods and imperfect competition.

Granger-causality tests and innovation analyses based on Vector Autoregression models seem to deny any role for monetary factors in generating and shaping business cycle fluctuations. The present paper shows that such empirical support for Real Business Cycle theories is flawed. In particular, it is demonstrated that an extended version of the Lucas paradigm can explain the existing evidence rather accurately, when changes in policy regimes are explicitly modelled.

L’objet de cet article est de faire le point sur les efforts entrepris pour développer une théorie des fluctuations conjoncturelles dans le cadre de modèles d’équilibre général. Plus spécifiquement il propose une évaluation de la méthodologie et des principaux résultats de ce qui est connu sous le nom de théorie des “cycles d’affaires réels” (Real Business Cycles) tout en proposant d’intégrer des considérations non walrasiennes dans le modèle néoclassique de croissance stochastique qui en est le fondement.

A simple general equilibrium model of imperfect competition is introduced with special attention given to the labour market. An extended Cournot equilibrium is defined for any money wage taken as given by the producers. Under some assumptions involuntary unemployment may arise, that is unemployment whatever the given money wage. Specific examples are considered.

This paper is devoted to the analysis of the investment behavior of the firm in the context of a quantity rationing (or disequilibrium) model with monopolistic competition on the goods market. Investment is entirely profit-driven as in the q-theory of investment. The profit variable is however decomposed into three components: the markup rate on variable costs, the capacity utilization rate and the discrepancy between the optimal and the actual-labor ratios. The model has the same long run implication as an accelerator model if and only if the optimal capacity utilization rate is constant in the long run. The suggested quantity rationing model is estimated on French data, over the period 1956-1985. The emphasis is on the investment equation. The parameter estimates are shown to have remained fairly stable over time.