Studies were conducted at the ICRISAT Sahelian Centre, Niger, to assess damage and yield loss by the millet stemborer, Coniesta ignefusalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown. Although 78% of stems were infested, late attack by the millet stemborer on millet plants resulted in bored stems yielding more than unbored ones. Artificial infestations with 5 and 10 larvae per plant at 2 weeks after plant emergence (WAE) resulted in 50 to 70% plants with deadhearts and 24 to 100% avoidable yield loss. At 4 weeks after plant emergence, infestations with 5 larvae and 10 larvae per plant resulted in 7% increase in yield and 16% yield loss, respectively. Therefore, both the age of plant and density of borer population at the time of infestation can influence resulting stemborer damage and yield loss on pearl millet.

The incidence and distribution of the sorghum head bug, Eurystylus oldi Poppius (Heteroptera: Miridae), and other panicle pests of sorghum in research stations and farmers' fields in West and Central Africa (WCA) were assessed from 1985 to 1994. Maximum head bug abundance was observed during the dough stage. Head bug abundance was greater on improved cultivars, while the local guineense sorghums with long glumes were less susceptible, both at the research stations and the farmers' fields. Grain damage was moderate to severe, although farmers were mostly unaware of this insect and its damage potential, because it remains hidden inside the panicle. Sorghum midge (Stenodiplosis sorghicola Coq.) damage was very high on farmer's fields in Burkina Faso, Niger, and Nigeria. The shootfly Atherigona soccata Rond., stemborer Busseola fusca Fuller, grasshoppers, spittle bug Locris rubens Erichson, Campylomma spp., Creontiades pallidus Ramb., Agonoscelis spp., head caterpillars Helicoverpa armigera Hub., Pyroderces simplex Wlsm. and Eublemma gayneri Roths., were other insect pests damaging sorghum in the areas surveyed. It is proposed that future efforts in sorghum improvement for WCA should focus on developing cultivars with resistance to sorghum head bugs.

Pitfall-trap sampling was used to determine the activity (numbers collected as determined by locomotor activity and density) of epigaeic (soil-surface dwelling) arthropods in rice cultivated at various toposequence sites on the slope of an inland valley in Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa in 1994–1996. The major arthropod groups collected were ants, spiders, crickets, carabids and grasshoppers. Ants and spiders were the most active. Arthropod activity changed in response to crop growth stage with activity generally increasing towards harvest. Ant activity differed significantly between toposequence sites and was highest in the upper portion of the slope. The pattern for spider activity in relation to toposequence site varied among years. Agronomic practices that would enhance the populations of ground-dwelling predaceous arthropods are an important consideration when developing cultural practices for rice production on hillsides of inland valleys in West Africa.

Studies were conducted from 1993–1995 at Samanko, Mali, on rearing and pheromone trapping of Busseola fusca Fuller (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and on the insecticidal effect of extracts of Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) on B. fusca and Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). A technique for mass rearingof B.fusca larvae on a chickpea and sorghum leaf-based meridic diet was developed, requiring about 10 g of diet per larva. An average of 7.3 successive generations were obtained per year. Pupal and larval mortalities were less than 15%. Oviposition was obtained on artificial substrates, with a fecundity of 300–500 eggs per female. Laboratory tests were conducted with diets in which extracts of nuts of J. curcas had been added. A 100% larvicidal effect was obtained with B. fusca and S. calamistis at 0.01% and 1% crude oil concentration respectively, and with 0.025% of the phorbol ester fraction on S. cahmistis. Trapping experiments using traps made of aluminum trays baited with synthetic pheromone showed that B. fusca male moths flights could be satisfactorily monitored. An improvement of traps and/or pheromone effectiveness is, however, necessary before their use as a control method.

The palaeotropical, gregarious, endoparasitic braconids Cotesia sesamiae, Cotesia flavipes and Cotesia chilonis were recently imported into Benin as candidates for biological control of stem and cob borers of maize. Host acceptability and host suitability of six gramineous borers occurring in western Africa, namely the noctuids Sesamia calamistis, Sesamia poephaga, Busseola fusca and the pyralids Coniesta ignefusalis, Eldana saccharina andMussidia nigrivenella, to these candidate parasitoids was evaluated in order to gain insight into the physiological suitability of the natural and factitious hosts. All hosts were accepted by all Cotesia spp., except M. nigrivenella which was not attacked by Co. chilonis. Parasitoid progeny development was successful in S. calamistis, S. poephaga and Con. ignefusalis. Sesamia calamistis was the most suitable host for Cotesia spp. development, in terms of duration of developmental time, brood size and mortality of parasitoid progeny.

Populations of larvae and pupae of the African rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzivora Harris & Gagne (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), and two parasitoids, Platygaster diplosisae Risbec and Aprostocetus procerae (Risbec)[= Tetrastichus pachy diplosisae Risbec], were recorded in replicated experiments on farmers' fields at Karfiguéla, Burkina Faso in the 1992 wet season and the 1993 dry season. In each season, four plantings were made at 14-day intervals and samples taken at weekly intervals for 10 weeks. Gall midge populations in the wet season developed through three distinct phases: an initial slow increase, followed by a period of rapid increase coinciding with maximum tillering, and then a final decline. On average, the highest midge populations and highest levels of parasitism developed in the later plantings. During the dry season midge infestations were low and no parasites were detected.

Dormancy is described for adults of the stalk-eyed fly, Diopsis longicornis Macquart (Diopsidae: Diptera) in the tropical savanna of coastal Guinée, West Africa. Populations of diopsids maintained themselves within each chosen refugium throughout the dry season unless the site dried up. Sex ratio within the populations at each refugium remained constant throughout the dry period. Slightly more females than males were found (56%), and of these only 0.8% were gravid. Movement of stalk-eyed fly adults from the rice field to the refugia corresponded with the end of the rice cropping period (stage of ripening and harvest) at the end of the wet season (late October to November), whereas movement from the refugia to the rice field occurred towards the end of the dry season Gate (May/early June), but well in advance of the rice crop planting (July and August) of the following wet season. Insects retained their state of reproductive arrest in the dry season even when offered suitable oviposition sites, i.e. rice plants. Secondary host plants were investigated as possible oviposition sites and food sources for adult flies.

A new fishing method has been developed during the last twelve years by the tuna baitboats fishing seasonaly (from July to December) in the area of Senegal and Mauritania (West Africa, 12 to 21° N). Three species of tunas, yellowfin, skipjack and bigeye tunas are caught in similar proportions in this fishery. This method has produced a dramatic increase in the baitboat catch per unit of effort (CPUE). The paper describes this new fishing method where the boat is permanently running associated with a very large tuna school, night and day, during several months. A team of two baitboats exploits each school, operating one after the other. The biological and environmental characteristics of this associated-school fishing are analyzed from detailed log book data. The daily positions of each school and the catches by species and sizes are analyzed for each boat and school. The dynamics of the association between the tunas and the baitboat and the dynamics of this exploitation (i.e. input and output of tunas in each school) are discussed in relation to the peculiarities of the local environment (mainly sea surface temperature and bathymetry). The reasons for the increased CPUE in this associated-school fishing are analyzed. Further researchesshould be conducted in order to better understand how fish behaviour relates to this fishing mode and in order to estimate the potential local yield of the fishery, if increased fishing effort is exerted in the future.

Studies were conducted in Niger in 1986 and 1987 on the population dynamics and parasitism of the millet stem borer, Coniesta (= Haimbachia) ignefusalis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae), Sesamia calamistis Hampson, and the millet head caterpillar, Heliocheilus albipunctella de Joannis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Planting dates were assessed for effects on population densities of C. ignefusalis and H. albipunctella. Population densities of C. ignefusalis were not reduced by adjusting millet planting dates, but were affected by millet growth stage. Platytelenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) was the most common parasite of C. ignefusalis on millet. Parasitism of C. ignefusalis larvae and pupae was rare. Sesamia calamistis was a minor pest of millet in Niger, and was rarely parasitized. Population densities of H. albipunctella were reduced by delaying millet planting dates. Bracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was the most common parasite of H. albipunctella.

Life-fertility tables were described for Bracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) developing on the millet head caterpillar (MUC), Heliocheilus albipunclella de Joannis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Mated B. hebetor females lived an average of 24.7 days, oviposited ca. 22 days, and produced 173.7 adult progeny with a 1:1 sex ratio. The estimated innate capacity of increase (ir) and net reproductive rate (R0) were 0.26 and 86.5, respectively. The mean generation time was 1 days.

Les stocks de clupéidés situés le long des côtes ouest-africaines vivent et se reproduisent dans des zones d'upwelling saisonnier ou permanent. Ce sont des milieux fluctuants où la productivité est très variable d'une zone et d'une saison à l'autre. Les principales nurseries sont distribuées de façon discontinue le long des côtes ouest-africaines et ne sont pas toujours situées dans les zones les plus productives. Les reproductions les plus intenses sont localisées là où le plateau continental s'élargit et où la côte s'incurve par rapport à la direction prépondérante des vents. Ces particularités topographiques, communes aux zones de reproduction, minimisent localement la dérive vers le large de la couche d'eau superficielle. En Côte-d'Ivoire et au Congo, l'activité reproductrice est maximale durant la saison d'upwelling. Le long de la façade atlantique, la reproduction est parfois décalée par rapport à l'upwelling, elle est maximale avant et/ou après la saison d'upwelling. Les périodes d'abondance duzooplancton n'étant pas toujours en phase avec l'upwelling, les saisons de reproduction semblent être décalées par rapport à l'upwelling afin d'offrir des conditions optimales pour le développement des larves. Un schéma théorique est proposé pour illustrer les stratégies spatio-temporelles de la reproduction suivant l'intensité de l'upwelling, en considérant deux facteurs limitants: la production planctonique et la stabilité du milieu. L'intensité des upwellings est variable d'une année à l'autre. Au Sénégalles stratégies de reproduction répondent à cette variabilité en modifiant le calendrier de la reproduction suivant l'intensité de l'upwelling. De nombreux faits ne valident pas le schéma théorique proposé. Ces écarts au modèle peuvent être perçus comme des facteurs de régulation potentiels face au caractère non prévisible de l'environnement. Dans une perspective évolutioniste, ces exemples illustrent l'adaptabilité des stratégies de reproduction.

Les deux espèces de sardinelles (Surdinella aurita et Sardinella maderensis) sont présentes dans les trois régions d'upwelling de l'Ouest africain (zones sénégalo-mauritanienne, ivoiro-ghanéenne et congoangolaise). La compétition entre ces deux espèces, présentant une grande similitude de forme, à l'activité et aux régimes alimentaires très proches et occupant les mêmes zones géographiques sembleeffective. Cependant les stratégies d'occupation et d'exploitation du milieu, de croissance et de reproduction sont, pour ces deux espèces, intimement liées à la dynamique des upwellings mais elles divergent en de nombreux points. Une complémentarité spatio-temporelle semble donc exister entre la dynamique de ces deux espèces dont les stratégies démographiques diffèrent. Sardinella aurita présente une plasticité et une adaptabilité remarquable aux fluctuations du milieu dont elle tire parti.En cela, elle semble être plus sensible aux variations climatiques que Sardinella maderensis, espèce tolérant de fortes perturbations de I'environnement. Sardinella aurita possède une stratégie adaptative plus souple liée à une grande plasticité démographique. Cela lui permet une meilleure utilisation d'unaccroissement d'enrichissement temporaire du milieu, mais en retour la population subit le contrecoup de façon plus drastique lorsque les conditions deviennent défavorables.

Même si la compétition entre deux espèces de poissons pélagiques peut souvent paraître effective en écologie marine, rares sont les exemples où elle peut être mise en évidence au niveau de l'abondance respective des stocks. Les mécanismes de la compétition pour des espèces spécialisées comme lespélagiques doivent être précisés au niveau de certains paramètres du cycle vital de l'espèce. L'analyse comparée des stratégies démographiques permet de mieux comprendre la nature différente de la dynamique des stocks, notamment l'organisation du partage de ressources communes. La nécessité de gérer les stocks en considérant la stratégie de vie des espèces qui les composent est soulignée.

Jusqu'aux dernières décennies on considérait que la limite de répartition entre sardines et sardinelles se situait aux environs du cap Blanc. Au nord de ce cap, les remontées d'eaux ont lieu toute l'année, la production primaire est forte, mais non la biomasse zooplanctonique, du fait de la rapidité de l'advection. Au sud, les résurgences sont saisonnières, la circulation au-dessus du plateau comprend deux veines opposées. La production secondaire suit rapidement les poussées de phytoplancton, notamment grâce à la superposition de courants opposés entre lesquels des migrations de zooplanctonpermettent un couplage des productions primaires et secondaires. Sardines et sardinelles se nourrissent de particules en suspension, mais les sardines peuvent s'accommoder d'un régime presqu'entièrernent végétal, à la différence des sardinelles. Ceci leur confère un avantage sur les sardinelles dans les régions d'upwellings violents. Durant les années 70's, la pêcherie de sardines s'est déplacée vers le sud, or ces mêmes années, les alizés se sont renforcés sur leur bordure méridionale, conduisant à un renforcement des upwellings le long des côtes mauritanienne et sénégalaise. Ceci a entraîné une modification du biotope, favorable aux sardines. D'autre part les courants, modifiés par diminution de leur composante nord et augmentation de celle portant au sud, pourraient être responsables d'un nouveau mode de dispersion des larves, entraînant davantage de sardines au sud et moins de sardinelles vers le nord.

The origin of African rice, Oryza glaberrima Steud and Asian rice, O. saliva L., in West Africa is briefly reviewed. Major pests of rice in this region have been listed and the present status of crop protection with reference to rice is discussed. Major constraints to utilization of varietal resistance as a component in crop protection are mainly research-related. The need for manpower development, provision of adequate facilities, standardization of techniques as well as greater emphasis on studies on varietal resistance are highlighted.