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The euro crisis has brought about remarkable changes in the economic governance of the European Union (EU) and consequently in the ways the executives can be held to account. By focusing on the interactions between national parliament and government in Poland, the fifth-largest EU member state by population, this chapter discusses debates concerning the EU annual cycle of fiscal and economic surveillance - the European Semester, related in particular to its most important element – the Country Specific Recommendations (CSRs). The goal of this paper is to assess how parliamentary scrutiny affects the level of implementation of CSRs. The positions of Members of Parliament (MPs) towards CSRs and connected arguments expressed in parliamentary discussions are explained by applying an analytical framework of justification and contestation as two basic forms of accountability. On accountability dimension, most questions, which were asked by both majority and opposition MPs, fall within the justification category in which the demands for explanation or information from the representatives from two ministries responsible for finance and development were made. On the efficiency dimension, one can hardly see any link at all as the scrutiny of the CSRs has a limited impact on their implementation.
Medically serious suicide attempts have been recognized as the most important predictor of suicide. The Computerized Suicide Risk Scale based on backpropagation neural networks (CSRS-BP) has been recently found efficient in the detection of records of patients who performed medically serious suicide attempts (MSSA).
Objectives
To validate the CSRS-BP by: 1) using the CSRS-BP with patients instead of records; 2) comparing the ability of expert psychiatrists to detect MSSA, using the CSRS checklist; and 3) comparing the results of the Risk Estimator for Suicide (RES) and the self-rating Suicide Risk Scale (SRS) with the CSRS-BP.
Methods
Two hundred fifty psychiatric inpatients (35 MSSA and 215 non-MSSA) were diagnosed by clinicians using the SCID DSM-IV. Three expert psychiatrists completed the CSRS checklist, and the RES for each patient, and the patients completed the self-report SRS assessment scale. The CSRS-BP was run for each patient. Five other expert psychiatrists assessed the CSRS checklists and estimated the probability of MSSA for each patient. Comparisons of sensitivity and specificity rates between CSRS-BP, assessment scales and experts were done.
Results
Initially, the CSRS-BP, RES, SRS, and experts performed poorly. Although sensitivity and specificity rates significantly improved (two to four times) after the inclusion of information regarding the number of previous suicide attempts in the input data set, results still remained insignificant.
Conclusions
The CSRS-BP, which was very successful in the detection of MSSA patient records, failed to detect MSSA patients in face-to-face interviews. Information regarding previous suicide attempts is an important MSSA predictor, but remains insufficient for the detection of MSSA in individual patients. The detection rate of the SRS and RES scales was also poor and could therefore not identify MSSA patients or be used to validate the CSRS-BP.
Los intentos de suicidio médicamente graves se han reconocido como el predictor más importante de suicidio. Recientemente se ha encontrado que la Escala Informatizada de Riesgo de Suicidio basada en redes neurales de retropropagación (CSRS-BP) es eficaz en la detección de historias clínicas de pacientes que realizaron intentos de suicidio médicamente graves (ISMG).
Objetivos:
Validar la CSRS-BP: 1) utilizándola con pacientes en lugar de con historias clínicas; 2) comparando la capacidad de psiquiatras expertos para detectar ISMG utilizando la lista de la CSRS, y 3) comparando los resultados del Estimador de Riesgo para el Suicidio (RES) y la Escala de autoevaluación de Riesgo de Suicidio (SRS) con la CSRS-BP.
Métodos:
Profesionales clínicos diagnosticaron a 250 pacientes psiquiátricos hospitalizados (35 con ISMG y 215 sin ISMG) utilizando la SCID del DSM IV. Tres psiquiatras expertos cumplimentaron la lista de la CSRS y el RES para cada paciente, y los pacientes rellenaron la escala de evaluación de autoinforme SRS. La CSRS-BP se pasó en máquina para cada paciente. Otros cinco psiquiatras expertos evaluaron las listas de la CSRS y estimaron la probabilidad de ISMG para cada paciente. Se hicieron comparaciones de las tasas de sensibilidad y especificidad entre la CSRS-BP, las escalas de evaluación y los expertos.
Resultados:
Inicialmente, la CSRS-BP, el RES, la SRS y los expertos obtuvieron malos resultados. Aunque las tasas de sensibilidad y especificidad mejoraron significativamente (de dos a cuatro veces) después de la inclusión de información con respecto al número de intentos previos de suicidio en el conjunto de datos de entrada, los resultados todavía no eran significativos.
Conclusiones:
La CSRS-BP, que tuvo mucho éxito en la detección de historias clínicas de pacientes con ISMG, no detectó a los pacientes con ISMG en entrevistas cara a cara. La información con respecto a los intentos de suicidio anteriores es un predictor importante de ISMG, pero es insuficiente para su detección en los pacientes individuales. La tasa de detección de la SRS y la escala RES fue también mala y, por tanto, no pudieron identificar a los pacientes con ISMG o utilizarse para validar la CSRS-BP.
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