In this chapter, we review work on a range of bilingual aphasias – the language impairments that occur due to a lesion or atrophy in the brain. We begin the chapter by discussing two theoretical approaches, namely the localizationist and dynamic accounts, which explain the extent to which one or both languages are affected. We see that the severity and type of aphasia that result from a lesion depends on its size and location. Additionally, a number of other nonlesion factors can affect the severity of the resulting aphasia. The premorbid variables that have been most studied are frequency of language use, AoA, and L2 proficiency. We then address how bilinguals are assessed for aphasia (e.g., the Bilingual Aphasia Test), and the possibilities for treatment and recovery. In this regard, the following important questions are discussed: In which language(s) should treatment be provided and what are the differential outcomes? If rehabilitation is given in only one language, is there cross-language generalization to the language not treated? We conclude that the most common pattern is parallel recovery in which both languages improve at a similar rate.

A 34-year-old G3P2 at 20 weeks’ gestation presents to the A&E (E.R.) department of your tertiary care center with a three-hour history of nausea and vomiting associated with recurrent right upper quadrant pain, no longer alleviated by analgesics.

A healthy 27-year-old G1P0 at 10+3 weeks’ gestation, confirmed by sonography two days ago, presents for prenatal care. She arrived last month from overseas and currently lives with her sister and nephew, who has been home from daycare with German measles.

A 29-year-old primigravida is referred by her primary care provider to your tertiary center’s high-risk obstetrics unit for preconception counseling for known Graves’ disease.

A 25-year-old G2P1 presents for prenatal care at 8+2 weeks’ gestation by menstrual dates with complaints of nausea and vomiting for the past two weeks. Your clinical nurse reassures you the patient is not in acute distress and converses well. There is no history of vaginal bleeding.

A 23-year-old primigravida is referred to your high-risk obstetrics clinic at 17+3 weeks’ gestation for a reactive VDRL test on routine prenatal screening. Although her appointment with you is in two days, she presents urgently to your office for new-onset tongue lesions and a rash. She had an early dating sonography, and aneuploidy screening was unremarkable. She takes prenatal vitamins and has no obstetric complaints.

You are seeing a new patient in consultation for transfer of care to your high-risk obstetrics unit at a tertiary center. She is a 27-year-old primigravida at 14+3 weeks’ gestation with an incidentally positive surface antigen to the hepatitis B virus (HBsAg) on routine prenatal testing. A copy of the original laboratory report has been provided to you. Although detailed serological investigations were performed, results are not available. The patient is aware of the results. Referral to a hepatologist has also been instigated. The patient’s first-trimester sonogram and aneuploidy screen were unremarkable. She has no obstetric complaints.

You are on obstetrics call duty at a community hospital center, where a 30-year-old G2P1 elementary schoolteacher presents concerned, after receiving notification during this spring week holiday, that there is an outbreak of ‘slapped cheek syndrome’ among the children. The patient is at 16+3 weeks’ gestation by dating sonography performed by her primary care provider; first-trimester fetal morphology was normal with a low risk of aneuploidy. Three years ago, she had a healthy pregnancy and term vaginal delivery of her son, who currently attends daycare. The patient does not have any obstetric complaints.

This chapter provides an introduction to the book by providing a basic understanding of suicidal behavior. It first provides the reader a general knowledge of the epidemiological, clinical, and behavioral presentations of suicidal behaviors. In many situations, acts of nonfatal suicidal behavior will precede lethal suicidal behavior, and a suicidal process with clear implications for prevention is commonly found. The multiple causes of suicidal behaviors will be discussed, and it will become clear that each suicide results from a complex convergence of many possible sociocultural and neurobiological (e.g. genetic) factors. In spite of the unique characteristics of each suicide in terms of personal features and social circumstances, many such suicides can be understood as the consequence of an interaction between stressors and a specific vulnerability to suicidal behavior. Stressors may include problems in relational, professional, or financial areas, or consequences of psychiatric disorders such as depression that may precipitate suicidal behavior in vulnerable individuals. It is particularly with regard to this vulnerability that neuroscience studies have contributed substantially to our insights, and thus provide opportunities for prevention and treatment.