Breakfast skipping has become an increasing trend in the modern lifestyle and may play a role in obesity and type 2 diabetes. In our previous studies in healthy young individuals, a single incident of breakfast skipping increased the overall 24-h blood glucose and elevated the postprandial glycaemic response after lunch; however, it was difficult to determine whether this response was due to breakfast omission or the extra energy (i.e. lunch plus breakfast contents). The present study aimed to assess the postprandial glycaemic response and to measure their hormone levels when healthy young individuals had identical lunch and dinner, and the 24-h average blood glucose as a secondary outcome. Nine healthy young men (19−24 years) participated in two-meal trials: with breakfast (three-meal condition) or without breakfast (breakfast skipping condition). During the meals, each individual’s blood glucose was continuously monitored. Skipping breakfast resulted in a significantly higher (P < 0·001) glycaemic response after lunch as compared with the glycaemic response after an identical lunch when breakfast was consumed. Despite the difference in the total energy intake, the 24-h average blood glucose was similar between the two-meal conditions (P = 0·179). Plasma NEFA level was significantly higher (P < 0·05) after lunch when breakfast was omitted, and NEFA level positively correlated with the postprandial glycaemic response (r 0·631, P < 0·01). In conclusion, a single incident of breakfast skipping increases postprandial hyperglycaemia, and associated impaired insulin response, after lunch. The present study showed that skipping breakfast influences glucose regulation even in healthy young individuals.

Ionospheric scintillation effects degrade satellite-based radio communication/navigation links and influence the performance of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). An adaptive wavelet-based decomposition technique, Synchrosqueezing Transform (SST), with a Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) algorithm has been implemented for time-frequency representation of GNSS multi-component signals and mitigation of scintillation effects. Synthetic In-phase (I) and Quadra-phase (Q) samples were collected from the Cornell Scintillation Model (CSM) and the CSM amplitude scintillation signal was processed with SST-DFA for the detection of noisy scintillation components and mitigation of ionospheric scintillation effects. Also, performance of the SST-DFA algorithm was tested for real-time GNSS ionospheric scintillation data collected from a GNSS Software Navigation Receiver (GSNRx) located at a low-latitude station in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The de-noising performance of the SST-DFA algorithm was further evaluated and compared with a low-pass Butterworth filter during different ionospheric scintillation time periods. The experimental results clearly demonstrated that the proposed method is reliable for mitigation of ionospheric scintillation noise both in time and frequency scales.