Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of international tribunals — Member of international bureau of Permanent Court of Arbitration — Exemption from municipal taxation — Scope of exemption — Whether exempt income may be taken into account in assessing rate of taxation on other sources of income — The law of the Netherlands

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Constitutional limitations — Netherlands Constitution, Article 66 — Judicial review of municipal legislation for compatibility with international law — Whether limited to self-executing provisions of treaties — The law of the Netherlands

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Judicial review of municipal legislation — Power of municipal courts to review legislation for compatibility with international law Whether confined to determining compatibility with treaty provisions — Netherlands Constitution, Article 66 — International officials — Taxation — Whether rule of customary law forbidding taxation of salary received from Permanent Court of Arbitration — The law of the Netherlands

International law in general — Sources — Customary international law — Sovereign immunity — Principle of immunity of embassy funds from enforcement jurisdiction of receiving State — Decision of German Constitutional Court as evidence of customary international law — The law of England

International law in genera — Relation to municipal law — Sovereign immunity — Immunity from execution — Bank accounts in name of embassy — Construction of English legislation — State Immunity Act 1978 — Whether permissible to construe Act against background of principles of intemational law — Whether recourse to intemational law always permissible where municipal legislation applies to interState relations or only in the event of ambiguity in municipal legislation — Relevance of intemational customary and treaty law — Principle of customary law derived from accepted practice as evidenced by judicial decisions in other jurisdiction — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — The law of England

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — In foreign relations — Soverign immunity — Immunity from enforcement — Funds belonging to Republic of Colombia in London bank accounts — Certificate by Ambassador that funds in use for non-commercial purposes of meeting day to day running costs of Embassy — whether purpose commercial — State Immunity Act 1978 — Principles of international customary and treaty law on immunity from enforcement jurisdiction — The law of England

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic envoys and their staff — Immunity from execution of embassy property — Bank account in name of embassy — Funds used for meeting running expenses of embassy — Whether funds in use for commercial purposes — Duty of receiving State to accord full facilities for functioning of diplomatic mission — State Immunity Act 1978 — The law of England

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — Foreign States — Sovereign immunity — Immunity from execution — Judgment creditor seeking to levy execution against foreign State by attachment of funds in foreign State's bank account in London — Whether permissible for English courts to exercise enforcement jurisdiction in this manner — State Immunity Act 1978 — Sections 3, 13 and 17 — Certificate of Ambassador stating that funds in question were in use for non-commercial purposes of meeting “expenditure necessarily incurred in the day to day running of the Diplomatic Mission” — Meaning of “commercial” — Relevance of principles of international law in construction of municipal legislation — Customary and treaty law on immunity of sending State from enforcement jurisdiction of receiving State — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Onus of proving property in use for commercial purposes — Evidential weight of certificate of head of diplomatic mission — The law of England

International organization and administration — International officials — European Space Operations Centre — Whether official entitled to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts in respect of civil litigation concerning employment dispute — Acts performed in official capacity — Whether international law requires the granting of specific exemptions to officials of international organizations — Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities of the European Space Research Organization, 1963, Article 16(a) — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of international organizations — Official of European Space Operations Centre — Whether entitled to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts in respect of civil litigation concerning employment dispute — Acts performed in official capacity — Whether international law requires the granting of specific exemptions to officials of international organizations — Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities of the European Space Research Organization, 1963, Article 16(a) — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic envoys and their staff — Commercial representative attached to embassy — Whether entitled to immunity from criminal jurisdiction of municipal courts — Whether a member of administrative and technical staff of embassy — Inviolability of person, private residence and property — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Articles 29, 30 and 37 — The law of France

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive — Iranian hostage crisis — Presidential authority to extinguish claims of United States hostages in American courts — Iran- United States Algiers Declarations, 1981 — Executive order implementing Declarations — The law of the United States

State responsibility — Claims — State control over private claims — Iranian hostage crisis — Presidential authority to extinguish claims of United States hostages in American courts — Iran- United States Algiers Declarations, 1981 — Executive Order implementing Declarations — The law of the United States

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic premises — Whether embassies abroad part of sending State’s territory — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Sovereign immunity — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Iranian hostage crisis — Iran-United States Algiers Declarations, 1981 — Executive Order implementing Declarations — Presidential authority to extinguish claims of hostages — Subject matter jurisdiction over claims — Immunity from suit — Section 1605(a)(5) of the Act — Whether alleged Iranian actions occurred “in the United States” — United States embassies abroad — Whether part of United States territory — Whether alleged Iranian actions discretionary — Whether patently illegal — The law of the United States

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Consuls — Privileges and immunities of — Deputy consul — Immunity from jurisdiction — Traffic offences — Acts performed in the exercise of official duties — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, Article 43(1) — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic envoys and their staff — First secretary attached to embassy — Immunity from divorce proceedings before municipal courts — Waiver — Conditions for — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Articles 31 and 32 — The law of France

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Position and functions of diplomatic envoys — Status of military adviser to Indian High Commission as internationally protected person — Proof of status — Relevance of executive certificate — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, 1973 — Crimes (Internationally Protected Persons) Act 1976 (Commonwealth legislation) — The law of Australia

International organization and administration — International officials — European Organization for Nuclear Research — Senior official — Scope of entitlement to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts and immunity from execution — CERN — Switzerland Headquarters Agreement, 1955 — Whether immunity extends to wife of official — The law of Switzerland

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of international organizations — Senior official of European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) — Scope of entitlement to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts and immunity from execution — CERN-Switzerland Headquarters Agreement, 1955 — Whether immunity extends to wife of official — Execution of judgment debt against wife relating to lawyer's fees incurred in court proceedings where immunity waived — Claim to immunity by wife — Whether operates retroactively — Suspension of proceedings pending decision by CERN on waiver — The law of Switzerland

States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive — Agreement on reciprocal exemption of diplomatic property from real estate taxes, 1979, between German Democratic Republic and United States — Interpretation — Weight to be given to Department of State views — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Sovereign immunity — Exemption of diplomatic property from taxation — Agreement on Reciprocal Exemption of Diplomatic Property from Real Estate Taxes, 1979, between the German Democratic Republic and the United States — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976, Sections 1609 and 1610 — Whether commercial acquisition of property necessarily implies use of property as commercial activity — The law of the United States

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Agreement on reciprocal exemption of diplomatic property from real estate taxes between German Democratic Republic and United States, 1979 — Whether Agreement part of Law of the Land — Whether United States grant of immunity takes precedence over local denial of immunity — The law of the United States

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic premises — Immunity from local taxation of property owned by German Democratic Republic — Agreement on reciprocal exemption of diplomatic property from real estate taxes, 1979, between the German Democratic Republic and the United States of America — Whether President had authority to enter into Agreement — Diplomatic Relations Act 1978 — Whether immunities primarily serve individuals or foreign sovereign — Whether United States grant of immunity takes precedence over county's denial of immunity — Interpretation of 1979 Agreement — Weight to be given to Department of State views — Whether commercial acquisition of property necessarily implies use of property as commercial activity — Sovereign Immunities Act 1976, sections 1609 and 1610 — The law of the United States

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic envoys and their staff — Entitlement to immunity from taxation — Whether PAYE provisions under municipal law applicable to salary paid to national of receiving State as embassy employee — The law of Austria

International law in general — Sources — Customary international law — Treaty practice as source of — Rules of diplomatic immunity — Immunity from civil jurisdiction of municipal courts — Officials of international organizations — The law of Italy

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Subordinate members of the diplomatic staff — Extent of entitlement to immunity from civil jurisdiction of municipal courts — Whether covers only acts performed in official capacity — Customary international law — Evidence from treaty practice on international organizations The law of Italy

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of international organizations — Entitlement to immunity from civil jurisdiction of municipal courts — Distinction between acts performed in official and private capacity — Treaty practice on — The law of Italy

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic envoys and their staff — Immunity from civil jurisdiction of municipal courts — Whether extending to acts performed in private capacity — Whether rule of customary international law to this effect — Evidence of such rule from treaty practice on international organizations — Whether same rule applicable to subordinate diplomatic staff — The law of Italy

The individual in international law — Nationality — Double nationality — Minor born of parents of two nationalities — Whether entitled to double nationality — Ius sanguinis and ius communicationis — Whether forum State entitled to give preference to its own nationality — Customary international law — Hague Convention on the Conflict of Nationality Laws, 1930 — The law of Italy

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Consuls — Position and functions of — Dispute over custody of minor — s — Parents respectively nationals of sending and receiving States — Assistance rendered by Consul to enable minor to return to father in sending State — Whether acts in question performed in the exercise of consular functions — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, Articles 5 and 43 — The law of Italy

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Consuls — Privileges and immunities of — Dispute over custody of minor — Parents respectively nationals of sending and receiving States — Assistance rendered by consul to enable minor to return to father in sending State — Whether consul entitled to immunity from criminal prosecution in receiving State for such action — Functional immunity of consuls — Scope of — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, Articles 5 and 43 — Whether acts in question performed in the exercise of consular functions — Double nationality — Whether minor entitled to — Ius sanguinis and ius communicationis — Whether forum State entitled to give preference to its own nationality — Customary international law — Hague Convention on the Conflict of Nationality Laws, 1930 — The law of Italy

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — Inviolability of diplomatic premises — Arrest of person not having diplomatic immunity — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Whether breach to be dealt with on diplomatic level between two States involved — Whether affecting legality of arrest — The law of Norway

Treaties — Interpretation of — Consideration of preparatory work — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — lnviolability of diplomatic premises — Whether absolute — The law of Norway

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — Diplomatic premises — Inviolability of private residence — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Article 30 — Whether absolute — Travaux préparatoires — Arrest of person not having diplomatic immunity — Whether a breach of inviolability — Whether misuse of immunity and inviolability by diplomatic agent relevant — Functional basis of immunity and inviolability — Whether a breach of Convention should be dealt with on diplomatic level between two States involved — Whether affecting legality of arrest — The law of Norway

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, 1946 — Interpretation on the basis of pronouncements of the European Court of justice on similar provisions contained in the Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities of the European Coal and Steel Community, 1951 — The law of the Netherlands

International organization and administration — International officials — Official of the United Nations — Entitlement to immunity from taxation — Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, 1946 — The law of the Netherlands

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of the United Nations — Entitlement to immunity from municipal taxation — Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, 1946 — The law of the Netherlands

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — International organizations — Food and Agriculture Organization — Jurisdictional immunity of expert — Convention on Privileges and Immunities of Specialized Agencies, 1947 — Direct action against insurance company — Judicial consequences of submissions of expert — The law of Madagascar

International organization and administration — Specialized agencies of the United Nations — Food and Agriculture Organization — Jurisdictional immunity of expert — Convention on Privileges and Immunities of Specialized Agencies, 1947 — The law of Madagascar

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of the United Nations — Expert of Food and Agriculture Organization — Motor accident — Damages sought — Whether expert has jurisdictional immunity — Convention on Privileges and Immunities of Specialized Agencies, 1947 — Direct action against insurance company — Judicial consequences of submissions of expert — The law of Madagascar

International organization and administration — International officials — European Organization for Astronomical Research in the Southem Hemisphere (“ESO”) — Employee — Entitlement to immunity from taxation — Agreement between Chile and the ESO, 1963 — The law of the Netherlands

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of international organizations — European Organization for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere (“ESO”) — Employee — Entitlement to immunity from taxation — Agreement between Chile and the ESO, 1963 — The law of the Netherlands

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of international organizations — International Atomic Energy Agency — Employee — Entitlement to exemption from taxation — Headquarters Agreement between Austria and IAEA, 1958 — Whether exemption from taxation entitles official's spouse to be treated as sole wage earner under municipal tax law — The law of Austria

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — The family and retinue of diplomatic envoys — Wife of naval attaché — Right to diplomatic immunity — Functional immunity — Exceptions to jurisdiction — Whether to be interpreted strictly — Spain-United States Treaty of Friendship, 1902 — The law of Spain

International organization and administration — International officials — Hague Conference on Private International Law — Officials — Entitlement to immunity from taxation — Agreement concerning the Privileges and Immunities of the Organs of the Conference, 1959 — The law of the Netherlands

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of international organizations — Hague Conference on Private International Law — Officials — Entitlement to immunity from taxation — Agreement concerning the Privileges and Immunities of the Organs of the Conference, 1959 — The law of the Netherlands