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Eating and drinking difficulties are highly prevalent in the intellectual disability population and include all aspects of the eating and drinking process. This can include stable positioning and pacing the meal all the way through to safe swallowing. Dysphagia is a subset of wider eating and drinking difficulties, often seen in the intellectual disability population. Dysphagia presents as a difficulty chewing and swallowing. It is often the underlying cause of malnutrition, dehydration, weight loss, choking, and aspiration pneumonia, with risks to mental health, social isolation, dignity, and enjoyment. A deterioration in eating and drinking skills is often a symptom of a broader physical and mental health diagnosis. People with eating and drinking difficulties can also experience a cyclical decline in health and an increased risk of malnutrition and dehydration. In addition to eating and drinking difficulties this chapter covers surgical intervention requiring insertion of a gastric tube, the impact of medication on feeding, and strategies to manage eating and drinking difficulties.
Drooling or saliva spillage has been explored widely among children with neurodevelopmental conditions. Yet, the approach to drooling in an otherwise developmentally normal child remains unexplored, as it is regarded as self-limiting. Nonetheless, drooling beyond age 4 in the awake stage should raise concern.
Methods
This narrative review aims to shed light on drooling in developmentally normal children, also known as ‘healthy droolers’, and the available evidence on its management.
Results
Most notable factors causing saliva spillage include poor oral-motor control and impaired oral sensation. Delayed saliva acquisition may be an early indicator of developmental or intellectual delay. Drooling impairs both the children's and parents' overall quality of life significantly.
Conclusion
Healthy droolers can be managed by simple behavioural therapy and reassurance.
To report the successful use of a surgical approach for the treatment of drooling in a case of oro-motor dyspraxia.
Case report:
A seven-year-old girl with a diagnosis of oro-motor dyspraxia was referred for management of drooling; this was her only symptom. There were no focal neurological abnormalities. Conservative measures had not helped, and her parents were keen for definitive treatment. Bilateral submandibular duct transposition was performed with no complications. The patient's drooling improved immediately.
Conclusion:
There are currently no reports in the literature of surgery for persistent drooling in children with oro-motor dyspraxia who are otherwise neurologically and developmentally normal. The mainstay of treatment is speech and language therapy. We report the successful use of surgical techniques, usually reserved for children with cerebral palsy or severe neurological disorders, to treat drooling in an otherwise normal seven-year-old child with oro-motor dyspraxia.
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