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3 results

  • 11 - The Security Council, Peace-Making and Peace Settlement

  • from Part III - Key Actors and the Role of International Law
  • Edited by Marc Weller, University of Cambridge, Mark Retter, University of Cambridge, Andrea Varga, University of Cambridge
  • Book:
    International Law and Peace Settlements
    Published online:
    14 January 2021
    Print publication:
    04 February 2021, pp 237-263

  • Summary

    While third states and international organisations often co-sign peace agreements in the capacity of witnesses or guarantors, little is understood of the legal consequences flowing from these roles. The chapter aims to fill this gap. First, it highlights that the mere designation of witness or guarantor leads to few consequences. Second, it analyses how specific third-party rights and obligations are established and conceptualised under VCLT rules, extended by analogy to intra-state peace agreements. Third, it provides a brief illustration of common third-party rights and obligations in peace agreements. Finally, it examines whether the involvement of third parties can internationalise an intra-state peace agreement, i.e. render it to be governed by international law. Bringing together views from the literature, jurisprudence and the preceding analysis on the structure of third-party rights and obligations, the chapter concludes that such rights and obligations can be internationalised, in a manner that can only extend to the agreement as a whole when inseparable from the rest of the agreement.

  • 10 - Witnesses and Guarantors

  • from Part III - Key Actors and the Role of International Law
  • Edited by Marc Weller, University of Cambridge, Mark Retter, University of Cambridge, Andrea Varga, University of Cambridge
  • Book:
    International Law and Peace Settlements
    Published online:
    14 January 2021
    Print publication:
    04 February 2021, pp 211-236

  • Summary

    While third states and international organisations often co-sign peace agreements in the capacity of witnesses or guarantors, little is understood of the legal consequences flowing from these roles. The chapter aims to fill this gap. First, it highlights that the mere designation of witness or guarantor leads to few consequences. Second, it analyses how specific third-party rights and obligations are established and conceptualised under VCLT rules, extended by analogy to intra-state peace agreements. Third, it provides a brief illustration of common third-party rights and obligations in peace agreements. Finally, it examines whether the involvement of third parties can internationalise an intra-state peace agreement, i.e. render it to be governed by international law. Bringing together views from the literature, jurisprudence and the preceding analysis on the structure of third-party rights and obligations, the chapter concludes that such rights and obligations can be internationalised, in a manner that can only extend to the agreement as a whole when inseparable from the rest of the agreement.

  • ELN gene triplication responsible for familial supravalvular aortic aneurysm

  • Anne-Sophie Guemann, Joris Andrieux, Florence Petit, Emmanuel Halimi, Sonia Bouquillon, Sylvie Manouvrier-Hanu, Jiddeke Van De Kamp, Catherine Boileau, Nadine Hanna, Guillaume Jondeau, Guy Vaksmann, Veronique Houfflin-Debarge, Muriel Holder-Espinasse
  • Journal:
    Cardiology in the Young / Volume 25 / Issue 4 / April 2015
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    17 June 2014, pp. 712-717

  • Supravalvular aortic aneurysms are less frequent than abdominal ones. Among Supravalvular aortic aneurysm aetiologies, we focused on dystrophic lesions as they can be secondary to genetic causes such as elastin anomaly. We report on a familial 7q11.23 triplication – including the ELN gene – segregating with a supravalvular aortic aneurysm. During her first pregnancy, our index patient was diagnosed with tuberous sclerosis and with a Supravalvular aortic aneurysm. The foetus was affected equally. For the second pregnancy, parents applied for preimplantation diagnosis, and a subsequent prenatal diagnosis was offered to the couple, comprising TSC1 molecular analysis, karyotype, and multiplex ligation probe amplification. TSC1 mutation was not found on foetal deoxyribo nucleic acid. Foetal karyotype was normal, but multiplex ligation probe amplification detected a 7q11.23 duplication. Quantitative-polymerase chain reaction and array-comparative genomic hybridisation carried out to further assess this chromosome imbalance subsequently identified a 7q11.23 triplication involving ELN and LIMK1. Foetal heart ultrasound identified a Supravalvular aortic aneurysm. A familial screening was offered for the 7q11.23 triplication and, when found, heart ultrasound was performed. The triplication was diagnosed in our index case as well as in her first child. Of the 17 individuals from this family, 11 have the triplication. Of the 11 individuals with the triplication, 10 were identified to have a supravalvular aortic aneurysm. Of them, two individuals received a medical treatment and one individual needed surgery. We provide evidence of supravalvular aortic aneurysm segregating with 7q11.23 triplication in this family. We would therefore recommend cardiac surveillance for individuals with 7q11.23 triplication. It would also be interesting to offer a quantitative-polymerase chain reaction or an array-comparative genomic hybridisation to a larger cohort of patients presenting with isolated supravalvular aortic aneurysm, as it may provide further information.