Abstract: This chapter explores the potential of mathematics education for the formation of critical democratic habits of open-mindedness, flexibility, and concern for understanding. It shows how different approaches to the teaching of math serve to model different conceptions of authority and analyzes the implications that these conceptions have for democratic engagement.

Despite many flaws, including variable quality and a lack of universal standards, peer review – the formal process of critically assessing knowledge claims prior to publication – remains a bedrock norm of science. It therefore also underlies the scientific authority of the IPCC. Most literature used in IPCC assessments has already been peer reviewed by scientific journals. IPCC assessments are themselves reviewed at multiple stages of composition, first by Lead Authors, then by scientific experts and non-governmental organisations outside the IPCC, and finally by government representatives. Over time, assessment review has become increasingly inclusive and transparent: anyone who claims expertise may participate in review, and all comments and responses are published after the assessment cycle concludes. IPCC authors are required to respond to all comments. The IPCC review process is the most extensive, open, and inclusive in the history of science. Challenges include how to manage a huge and ever-increasing number of review comments, and how to deal responsibly with review comments that dispute the fundamental framing of major issues.

Who is permitted to participate in and how they participate are critical issues within the cultural and social context of country music. On the surface, the issues appear to be driven by the economics of record production—industry players study their markets and choose product strategies that meet the demands and needs of the consumer at a cost that maintains an acceptable profit margin for everyone involved. But as Whose Country Music? demonstrates, individuals and institutions within the field of country music cultural production act as gatekeepers on the sound and identity of the genre, dictating not just who gets to participate but also the terms under which they are permitted to contribute to country music culture. The introductory chapter describes the various ways in which gatekeepers control access to opportunities and resources within country music culture, pointing to chapters within the collection to show the industrial system functions.

In 2018, New York Magazine ran an article titled “Donald Trump Is Destroying My Marriage” (Langmuir 2018). The piece featured first-person stories from four individual people and two couples discussing how politics in general – but Trump’s 2016 election in particular – created tension in their relationships. The people featured in these stories discussed disagreements with their partners over the political issues of the day (though other disagreements could be better classified as arguments over care responsibilities in a marriage). For some of the people featured, these disagreements led to divorce. Donald Trump, wrote author Molly Langmuir in the article’s introduction to the personal stories, “sent shockwaves through heterosexual romance.”

Chapter 1 articulates the process of orphanage trafficking in developing states. It explains how the recruitment of a child into an orphanage occurs and describes how the process of orphanage trafficking manipulates the procedural aspects of gatekeeping into alternative care by claiming children are abandoned or orphaned rather than relinquished. This manipulation is critical in the orphanage-trafficking process as it indicates an intent by the involved orphanage operators to utilise the alternative care framework to justify the admission of children into care. The final part of the orphanage-trafficking process is the maintenance of the child in institutionalisation for the purpose of exploitation and profit through donor funding and orphanage tourism. The chapter then turns to establishing the prevalence of orphanage trafficking in developing states across the world. To do this, it focuses on four regions where there is evidence that the rising number of children in institutional care is in part due to the presence of donor funding and orphanage tourism: Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, South East Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean.

This chapter shares examples of organization-level barriers to full participation of women in entrepreneurial ecosystems by way of the three cities that were the sites of our fieldwork—Boston, Massachusetts, St. Louis, Missouri, and Asheville, North Carolina. Here, the focus is on the ways in which intermediary organizations, such as incubators, accelerators, coworking spaces, and investors among others, can act as gatekeepers to the resources of the ecosystem. The chapter focuses specifically on access to networks, outreach, selection, support mechanisms (i.e., entrepreneur support organizations) available in the ecosystem, and ecosystem culture. In speaking to these issues, the chapter focuses on the role of meso-level organizational actors and how their norms, values, and practices differentially impact entrepreneurs and lead to inclusion or exclusion from the ecosystem.

In Chapter 4, an attempt is made to classify national systems of healthcare delivery on the basis of their degree of organizational separation/integration. For this purpose, two opposing models are outlined: the integrated and the separated models. In order to bring into focus the main differences between the integrated model and the separated model, the use of the following dimensions is proposed: (1) insurer-provider integration; (2) primary and secondary care integration; (3) the presence or absence of gatekeeping mechanisms; (4) the greater or lesser freedom of patients in choosing their providers; (5) the individual or group practice of general practitioners. The twenty-seven countries considered in this research are distributed fairly evenly along the entire separation/integration axis. The majority of SHI systems have characteristics that arecloser to the separate model, while the majority of universalist countries are more oriented toward the integrated model. However, the association between the financing model and the provision model is by no means automatic.