International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Publication in official journal — Whether sufficient for incorporation into municipal law — Whether treaty given an authority superior to municipal law — The law of France

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Operation and enforcement — Necessity for municipal legislation — Publication in official journal — Whether sufficient for incorporation into municipal law — Whether giving treaty authority superior to municipal law — The law of France

International organization and administration — International officials — Office Franco — Allemand pour la Jeunesse, 1963 — 0fficial — Employment contract — Termination of — Action for unfair dismissal — Whether Office entitled to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts — Whether Appeals Commission the proper forum for employment disputes — The law of France

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — International organizations — Office Franco — Allemand pour la Jeunesse — Legal status — Official — Employment contract — Termination of — Action for unlawful dismissal — Whether Office entitled to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts — Whether Appeals Commission the proper forum for employment disputes — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — Agreement on the establishment of the Office, 1963, between the Federal Republic of Germany and France — Publication in French Journal Officiel — Whether sufficient for incorporation into municipal law — Whether gives agreement authority superior to municipal law — The law of France

International organization and administration — Other international organizations and organs of international administration — European Economic Community — European Assembly — Provisions for direct elections of representatives by peoples of Member States — Decision of Council of European Communities of 20 September 1976 — Whether necessitates modification of European Community Treaties — Whether violates national sovereignty of Member States — Whether violates French Constitution — The law of France

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — French Constitution, Article 54 — International commitments containing clauses contrary to Constitution — Decision of Council of European Communities, 20 September 1976 — Provision for direct elections to European Assembly in Member States — Whether contrary to French Constitution — Whether violating sovereignty of France — Whether necessitating modification of European Community Treaties and amendment of French Constitution — The law of France

International organization and administration — International officials — Institut Franco-Allemand de Recherche de Saint-Louis (“ISL”) — Dispute over employment classification of technician — Staff Regulations — Provision for recourse to municipal courts — Jurisdiction of French courts — The law of France

International organization and administration — International officials — European Space Operations Centre — Whether official entitled to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts in respect of civil litigation concerning employment dispute — Acts performed in official capacity — Whether international law requires the granting of specific exemptions to officials of international organizations — Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities of the European Space Research Organization, 1963, Article 16(a) — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of international organizations — Official of European Space Operations Centre — Whether entitled to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts in respect of civil litigation concerning employment dispute — Acts performed in official capacity — Whether international law requires the granting of specific exemptions to officials of international organizations — Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities of the European Space Research Organization, 1963, Article 16(a) — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

lnternational organization and administration — Specialized agencies of the United Nations — World Health Organization — Regional office of Pan American Health Organization — Whether absolutely immune from suit in United States courts — Whether supervision of personnel and allocation of office space constitutes commercial activity — The law of the United States

International organization and administration — Intemational officials — Director of Pan American Health Organization — Whether immune from suit in individual capacity — International Organizations Immunities Act 1945 — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — International organizations — Suit for breach and interference with contract — Whether properly invoked immunity shields defendant from defence burden — Whether international organization absolutely immune from suit in United States courts — International Organizations Immunities Act 1945 — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Whether restrictive immunity doctrine applies — Whether supervision of personnel and allocation of office space by international organization constitutes commercial activity under Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act — Immunity from suit of international officials in individual capacity — The law of the United States

Diplomatic and consular intercourse~and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Representatives sent by or accredited to the United Nation — Permanent State representative accredited to UNESCO in Paris — Entitlement of wife to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts under France-UNESCO Agreement regarding Headquarters and Privileges and Immunities of UNESCO, 1954, Article 18 — Impossibility of bringing action against wife of representative for eviction and rent arrears — Whether French State liable to compensate lessor unable to assert rights owing to immunity granted under Agreemen — Principle of equality of citizens before the public authorities — Whether binding on third States and their national — The law of France

International organization and administration — Specialized agencies of the United Nations — UNESCO — State representative accredited to UNESCO — Entitlement of wife to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts under France-UNESCO Agreement on Headquarters and Privileges and Immunities of UNESCO, 1954, Article 18 — Impossibility of bringing action against wife of representative for eviction and rent arrears — Whether French State liable to compensate lessor unable to assert rights owing to immunity granted under Agreement — The law of France

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — Miscellaneous — Responsibility for consequences of international agreement — France-UNESCO Agreement regarding Headquarters and Privileges and Immunities of UNESCO, 1954, Article 18 — Immunity of State representatives and their families accredited to UNESCO — Impossibility of bringing action against wife of accredited State representative for eviction and rent arrears — Whether France liable to compensate lessor unable to assert rights owing to immunity granted under Agreement — Principle of equality of citizens before public authorities — The law of France

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — International organization — ASECNA — Contract of employment — Termination of — Claim for damages — Claim for damages — Arbitral award rejecting claim — Whether appeal lies to municipal courts — Assertion of immunity by ASECNA — The law of France

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Appeals — Employee of international organization — Contract of employment — Termination of — Claim for damages — Arbitral award rejecting claim — Whether appeal lies to municipal courts — Effect of arbitration clause — Applicable procedural law — The law of France

International organization and administration — International officials — ASECNA (Air Navigation Safety Organization for Africa and Madagascar) — Dismissal of employee — Claim for damages against organization — Arbitral award rejecting claim — Whether appeal lies to municipal courts — Assertion of immunity by organization — Applicable procedural law — The law of France

International organization and administration — International officials — European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol — Employee — Contract of employment — Termination of — Action for decree of nullity — Whether municipal courts have jurisdiction — Legal status of Eurocontrol — Proper forum for disputes involving its personnel — Nature of employment relationship — Applicable law — The law of the Netherlands

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — International organizations — European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol) — Employee — Contract of employment — Termination — Dispute — Whether municipal courts have jurisdiction — Legal status of Eurocontrol — Proper forum for disputes involving its personnel — Nature of employment relationship — Applicable law — The law of the Netherlands

International organization and administration — International officials — European Organization for Nuclear Research — Senior official — Scope of entitlement to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts and immunity from execution — CERN — Switzerland Headquarters Agreement, 1955 — Whether immunity extends to wife of official — The law of Switzerland

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of international organizations — Senior official of European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) — Scope of entitlement to immunity from jurisdiction of municipal courts and immunity from execution — CERN-Switzerland Headquarters Agreement, 1955 — Whether immunity extends to wife of official — Execution of judgment debt against wife relating to lawyer's fees incurred in court proceedings where immunity waived — Claim to immunity by wife — Whether operates retroactively — Suspension of proceedings pending decision by CERN on waiver — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — French Constitution, Article 53 — Intemational Monetary Fund — Fund Articles of Agreement — Resolution for increase in quotas of Member States under Article 111(2) — Whether linked to resolution for reform of Articles of Agreement — Approval of reform by majority vote satisfying conditions of Article XVII — Whether binding on Member State in the absence of ratification by its parliament — Whether an infringement of national sovereignt — The law of France

International organization and administration — Specialized agencies of the United Nations — International Monetary Fund — Articles of Agreement — Resolution for increase in quotas of Member States under Article III(2) — Whether linked to resolution on reform of Articles of Agreement — Reform approved by majority vote satisfying conditions of Article XVII — Whether binding on Member State in absence of ratification by its parliament — Whether an infringement of national sovereignty — French Constitution, Article 53 — The law of France

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Connected with legislation — Canadian Parole Act 1970 — Criminal Law Amendment Act 1977 — Forfeiture of parole abolished — Right of offenders to benefit retroactively from change of law providing lighter penalty — Whether loss of parole a penalty — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 15(1) — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Whether applicant a victim

International organization and administration — The United Nations — Other organs of the United Nations — Human Rights Committee — Functions — Compatibility of national legislation with International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — Whether Committee entitled to make hypothetical assessment of effects of national legislation

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Criminal offences — Parole — Right of offenders to benefit retroactively from change of law reducing penalty — Interpretation of term “penalty” — Whether only applicable to criminal offences — Whether including parole — Canadian Parole Act 1970 modified by Criminal Law Amendment Act 1977 — Whether new law automatically results in lighter penalty-International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 15(1) — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Whether applicant victim of breach of Covenant

The individual in internationallaw — Miscellaneous — Refugees — Entitlement to status of — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1 F (c) — Exclusion of application of Convention to persons suspected of acting contrary to purposes and principles of the United Nations — Whether convicted terrorist entitled to refugee status — The law of Austria

International organization and administration — The United Nations — Interpretation of the Charter of the United Nations Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, Article 1 F (c) — Exclusion of application of Convention to persons suspected of acting contrary to purposes and principles of the United Nations — Whether Convention requires conduct of individuals to conform to principles of the United Nations Charter — Convicted terrorist claiming refugee status — Whether bomb attacks contrary to purposes and principles of the United Nations — Extent to which use ofarmed force in the common interest permissible under United Nations Charter — Extent of right of resistance to unjust regime under United Nations Charter — The law of Austria

The individual in international law — In general — Position of individuals in international law — Human rights and freedoms — Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 — Article 1 F (c) — Exclusion of application of Convention to persons suspected of acting contrary to purposes and principles of the United Nations — Whether Convention requires conduct of individuals to conform to principles of United Nations Charter — Convicted terrorist claiming refugee status — Bomb attacks carried out by Italian national in Italy to further autonomy claims of people of South Tyrol — Whether contrary to purposes and principles of the United Nations — Extent to which use of armed force in the common interest permissible under United Nations Charter — Extent of right of resistance to unjust regime under United Nations Charter — The law of Austria

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, 1946 — Interpretation on the basis of pronouncements of the European Court of justice on similar provisions contained in the Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities of the European Coal and Steel Community, 1951 — The law of the Netherlands

International organization and administration — International officials — Official of the United Nations — Entitlement to immunity from taxation — Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, 1946 — The law of the Netherlands

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of the United Nations — Entitlement to immunity from municipal taxation — Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, 1946 — The law of the Netherlands

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — International organizations — Food and Agriculture Organization — Jurisdictional immunity of expert — Convention on Privileges and Immunities of Specialized Agencies, 1947 — Direct action against insurance company — Judicial consequences of submissions of expert — The law of Madagascar

International organization and administration — Specialized agencies of the United Nations — Food and Agriculture Organization — Jurisdictional immunity of expert — Convention on Privileges and Immunities of Specialized Agencies, 1947 — The law of Madagascar

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of the United Nations — Expert of Food and Agriculture Organization — Motor accident — Damages sought — Whether expert has jurisdictional immunity — Convention on Privileges and Immunities of Specialized Agencies, 1947 — Direct action against insurance company — Judicial consequences of submissions of expert — The law of Madagascar

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Reservations — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — Reservation with regard to competence of United Nations Human Rights Committee to consider communication on a matter already considered by another international tribunal — Intention of — Application submitted to European Commission of Human Rights declared inadmissible — Whether admissible under Covenant and Optional Protocol

International organization and administration — The United Nations — Other organs of the United Nations — Human Rights Committee — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — 0ptional Protocol — Procedure — Same case submitted to another human rights tribunal — Declared inadmissible — Reservation with regard to competence of Committee — Whether communication admissible

Disputes — Other international courts — European Commission of Human Rights — Application submitted and declared inadmissible — Whether ‘considered’ — Same case submitted under International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 and Optional Protocol thereto — Reservation with regard to competence of United Nations Human Rights Committee — Whether communication necessarily inadmissible under Covenant and Optional Protocol

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Right to fair trial — Allegation of degrading treatment — Application submitted to European Commission of Human Rights — Declared inadmissible — Whether application ‘considered’ — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — Reservation with regard to competence of United Nations Human Rights Committee — Intention of reservation — Whether communication within competence of Committee — Whether application considered inadmissible under European Convention necessarily inadmissible under Covenant and Optional Protocol

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — Exhaustion of legal remedies — Intemational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — 0ptional Protocol — Communication to United Nations Human Rights Committee — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Whether any effective remedies available to alleged victim

International organization and administration — The United Nations — Other organs of the United Nations — Human Rights Committee — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — Procedure — Consideration of same case by another human rights tribunal — Evidence — Burden of proof

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Detention without charge — Detainee held incommunicado — Allegation of torture — Right to fair trial — Right to trial without undue delay — Habeas corpus not available — Trial held in closed session — Accused not properly represented — Punishment of accused for political opinions — Deprivation of political rights — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Procedure — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Consideration of same case by another human rights tribunal — Evidence — Burden of proof

International organization and administration — International officials — European Organization for Astronomical Research in the Southem Hemisphere (“ESO”) — Employee — Entitlement to immunity from taxation — Agreement between Chile and the ESO, 1963 — The law of the Netherlands

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of international organizations — European Organization for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere (“ESO”) — Employee — Entitlement to immunity from taxation — Agreement between Chile and the ESO, 1963 — The law of the Netherlands

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For breaches of treaty obligations — Refusal to issue passport to citizen abroad — Right to leave any country — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 12(2) — 0ptional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee

International organization and administration — The United Nations — Other organs of the United Nations — Human Rights Committee — Jurisdiction under International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, and Optional Protocol thereto — Competence to consider communication from citizen living abroad

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Right to leave any country — Refusal to issue passport to citizen living abroad — Freedom of expression — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Articles 12(2) and 19 — Optional Protocol — United Nations Human Rights Committee — Competence — Whether within jurisdiction of national authorities to issue passport to citizen living abroad — Procedure — Findings of fact in absence of evidence from State party

International organization and administration — Specialized agencies of the United Nations — Food and Agrjculture Organization — FAO-Italy Headquarters Agreement, 1950 — Interpretation — Scope of immunity of FAO from jurisdiction of municipal courts under Article VIII, Section 16, of Agreement — The law of Italy

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — International organizations — Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations — Employee of — Contract of employment — Action for damages for failure to provide social security benefits — Whether FAO entitled to jurisdictional immunity — FAO-Italy Headquarters Agreement, 1950 — Scope of immunity of FAO from legal process under Article VIII, Section 16, of Agreement — Whether application of general rules of customary international law on immunity of international organizations excluded — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — The law of Italy

International organization and administration — International officials — Hague Conference on Private International Law — Officials — Entitlement to immunity from taxation — Agreement concerning the Privileges and Immunities of the Organs of the Conference, 1959 — The law of the Netherlands

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Right of other persons to privileges and immunities — Officials of international organizations — Hague Conference on Private International Law — Officials — Entitlement to immunity from taxation — Agreement concerning the Privileges and Immunities of the Organs of the Conference, 1959 — The law of the Netherlands