The meeting between the imperatives of criminal procedure, as legal instruments of the State, and human rights generates a confrontation at one time or another. Procedural formalities tend to protect society from the scourge of crime, while human rights imply respect for the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual. However, implementing procedural formalities inevitably prevents the exercise of certain human rights. This article addresses this clash within the context of legal developments in Morocco since the promulgation of the 2011 Constitution. It highlights the extensive transformations in Morocco since 2011, the main objective of which was strengthening human rights and consolidating the rule of law. The most remarkable transformation undoubtedly remains the independence of the judiciary and the complete emancipation of the Public Prosecutor’s Office from the Minister of Justice’s power.

The goal of this study was to characterize the Hamra goat population and to determine if Hamra goats of Beni Arouss and Rommani regions belong to the same population. Eleven morphometric traits of 157 Hamra animals (94 from Beni Arouss and 63 from Rommani) were used for this study. Overall, heart girth, body length, height at withers (HaW), height at rump (HS), chest depth (ChD), pelvis width (PW), chest width (CW), cannon circumference, head length (HeL), head width (HeW) and horn length (HL) of Hamra goats averaged 81.3, 61.5, 64.8, 65.3, 40.9, 19.3, 20.2, 9.67, 28.0, 26.3 and 23.4 cm, respectively. The effect of region was significant only on HaW, PW, HeL, HeW and HL, indicating certain homogeneity among goats of the two regions. Moreover, the inter region variance component ranged from 0 percent (absence of variability) for HS, CW, ChD and ChD to 18.5 percent for HeL, suggesting that the variability of body measurements between Beni Arouss and Rommani regions is very low. The factor analysis revealed four factors, which accounted for 73.5 percent of the total variance. The most discriminant variables between the two populations were HeL, HeW, PW and CW. The Mahalanobis distance between the two populations was 1.197, suggesting that there was genetic exchange between the two populations. The discriminant analysis showed that 80.9 percent of Rommani and 50.0 percent of Beni Arouss individuals were classified into their respective population. Results obtained will help in developing improvement and preservation strategies for the Hamra goat population.

The ‘national environment’, which includes belief and value systems, shapes the way individuals, groups and organisations perceive the world around them and determines how they react to ongoing changes. This paper analyses the role of different context's effects on intellectual capital by means of an empirical investigation of 112 Small to Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs) in the Spanish and Moroccan telecommunication industries. Within the investigation, repeated ANOVA were used, which were validated by factor analysis. Results support that Spanish SMEs are more positively associated with higher levels of human, structural and relational capital. The meaningful differences are clearly found in the ‘structural capital’. Our findings open avenues for further research to explore how governments can facilitate learning and unlearning environments in SME communities. These findings have important implications for general intellectual capital theories, as they suggest that there is no guarantee that intellectual capital theories developed within the cultural context of one particular country can be applied in another with good effect. National contexts provide the environment for learning, which in turn may have the effect of adequately improving intellectual capital.

The aim of this study is to fill a gap in intelligence research by presenting data for the average IQ in Morocco and for a comparable sample in Spain. Adult samples were administered the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) (Raven, Court, & Raven, 2001) and scored for the total test and for the three sub-factors of gestalt continuation, verbal-analytical reasoning and visuospatial ability identified by Lynn, Allik, and Irwing (2004). The total test and the three factors have shown satisfactory reliability. Our results for the Moroccan sample show significant relationship between general intelligence factor, gestalt continuation and visuospatial ability with education level and income. Conversely, these variables have been shown to be independent for the Spanish sample. This sample obtained significantly higher scores for the four factors assessed than the Moroccan one. These differences have been found also comparing samples with the same education levels. Finally, the errors percentage for Moroccans has been higher than for Spaniards in all the items, suggesting that the level of difficulty was higher for the Moroccan sample.

Introduction. Au Maroc, les agrumes sont confrontés à une combinaison de stress biotiques [virus de la tristeza (CTV) / Phytophthora] et abiotiques (salinité, alcalinité et sécheresse). La plupart de ces contraintes doivent être gérées individuellement par le choix d’un porte-greffe adapté. Cependant, la propagation de la CTV dans le bassin méditerranéen va bientôt interdire l’utilisation du bigaradier, porte-greffe traditionnel, qui offre actuellement une tolérance suffisante à la salinité et l’alcalinité. Par conséquent, la sélection de nouveaux porte-greffes d’agrumes devient pressante. Notre étude a cherché à étudier l’effet de différents régimes hydriques sur la croissance de dix porte-greffes d’agrumes : citrange Carrizo (France), citrange Carrizo (Maroc), citrange Troyer, citrange Yuma, Citrus volkameriana; deux Poncirus trifoliata d’origine différente, citrumelo, Mand. Sunki  ×  Poncirus trifoliata, et Poorman. Matériel et méthodes. Pour chaque porte-greffe, des plants âgés de trois mois ont été cultivés en pots de plastique (0,5 L) dans une serre à El Menzeh, INRA, Maroc; ils ont été soumis à trois régimes hydriques [(100 %, 75 % et 50 %) d’humidité à la capacité au champ (Hcc) du substrat]. L’expérimentation a été disposée en un split-plot à trois traitements. Les paramètres morphologiques mesurés ont été la hauteur de la plante et l’accumulation de matière sèche et fraîche. Les paramètres physiologiques étudiés ont été la teneur relative en eau, le taux de transpiration et les teneurs en chlorophylle, sucres solubles et proline. Résultats. Les paramètres morphologiques et physiologiques ont été affectés par l’intensité du stress hydrique appliqué. Cependant, les porte-greffes se sont comportés différemment vis-à-vis de cette contrainte. Le stress hydrique a induit une augmentation de la teneur en proline et en sucres solubles au niveau des feuilles des porte-greffes. Conclusion. Le stress hydrique affecte d’une manière significative les caractéristiques physiologiques et morphologiques des porte-greffes d’agrumes et, en conditions de déficit hydrique extrême (50 % Hcc), un comportement différentiel des porte-greffes a été constaté. Sur la base des résultats que nous avons obtenus, ce sont les porte-greffes citrange Carrizo (Maroc) et Poorman qui présenteraient globalement les meilleures aptitudes à résister aux conditions de stress hydrique.

Introduction In Morocco the olive growers rely totally on pesticides to control the black scale Saissetia oleae, although this technique has adverse effects on natural enemies, on product quality and on the environment. However, the pesticides are not used efficiently because of ignorance of the developmental cycle of the insect, and of the periods of vulnerable instar presence. We studied these two parameters. Next, we tested the efficacy of the pesticide and we studied the effect of pruning on the scales as an alternative to chemicals. Materials and methods The seasonal trend of the black scale was studied in two olive orchards near Essaouira, in the west of Morocco, during 2005 and 2006. One of these orchards was subject to chemical treatment in 2007, while two new orchards were selected to study the effect of pruning on the scales. The evolution of crawler and nymph density on different olive tree organs was followed in order to discover their preferences for these different organs. Results and discussion The seasonal trend study showed the presence of one generation of S. oleae per year and the tendency to colonise young organs rather than old ones. The optimum of mobile instar population coincided with the beginning and the end of July. On the organs of the chemically-treated samples, numbers of crawlers and nymphs were highly reduced. The results showed a small-scale infestation in pruned trees compared with the unpruned trees (control). Conclusion. Though the chemical control has good results, pruning remains very efficient and can help improve the control of the black scale populations without harming the environment