This final chapter shifts to look to Herodotus’ reception in the early fourth century in the Dissoi Logoi. What questions does Herodotus raise for subsequent philosophers? How does allusion to the Histories in a treatise that is explicitly philosophical expand our understanding of his project? What is the consequence of this for Herodotus’ generic positionality? The Dissoi Logoi offers a case study in the reception of the Histories as an example of its prominence in intellectual culture. The second half of the chapter reprises the conclusions of the book and reexamines the value of reading what will become early Greek "historiography" alongside philosophy.

This chapter turns to Herodotus’ unique narratorial reticence in making firm truth claims. "What is said" and "what seems" are found with much greater frequency than "what is true." Juxtaposing the Histories with contemporary discussions on epistemology will demonstrate the extent to which truth was problematized as a standard of inquiry in the fifth century. The narrator’s response to this is to use truth as an elusive criterion in order to highlight the difficulty of meeting its conditions. The final portion of this chapter looks to the frequency of "veridical" εἰμί in the Histories and points to its status as a criterion of accuracy in Presocratic epistemology. It argues for its incorporation in historical narrative as a distinctive marker of epistemic certainty.

The study of nature as an object of scientific interest matured through the investigations of Presocratic philosophers on the observable world. Herodotus is in dialogue with those expanding its domain into the spheres of natural science and the human. Physis embraces the interior and exterior regularities of subjects as diverse as landmasses, rivers, seas, elements, animals, and men. Unique to Herodotus, however, is the use of nature as a category of historical explanation; it is a standard of measurement that permits historical inference.

The central aim of this book has been to enrich our reading of these texts, and so its main value resides in the specific readings it has generated. Nevertheless, some more general points have emerged and are here summarised. These authors were not restrained by their medium but rather masters of it, so that their use of verse cannot be fully explained by recourse to the circumstances of production. Their texts are designed to elicit emotional and cognitive responses from the audience that are contingent on form and phrasing. In this sense, they qualify as poetry rather than mere verse. The conclusion traces some implications of this suggestion for the contested question of whether or not verse plays an essential philosophical role for the three authors in question. It then summarises the main points made earlier in the book concerning their role in the history of Greek poetics. Finally, it highlights certain poetic techniques they deploy that would become characteristic of the didactic genre.