We examine the use of forced confinement and isolation to limit the spread of COVID-19 in Ontario prisons and jails. Drawing on interview data, we illustrate how a reliance on forced confinement and isolation has exacerbated harms experienced by prisoners in relation to physical, mental, and social health. Through discourse analysis of grey literature, we then discuss the politics and governance of carceral institutions during the pandemic, focusing on how practices of isolation were legitimized during the pandemic, despite recent rulings establishing isolation and segregation as torture. We close by arguing that the case of isolation during the pandemic is one example which highlights the systemic and ongoing nature of rights violations in Canadian prisons and jails. To address these harms, we must shift focus away from reform and towards decarceration.

This study introduces the concept of micro-segregation as an alternative to ghettoization in order to understand residential patterns in historical Jewish communities. The process of ghetto formation is associated with the spatial separation of a minority group as a result of racial stigma and poverty. It operates at a large scale and posits that ghetto boundaries will be rigidly policed. By contrast, the process of micro-segregation is associated with the separation of a minority group as a result of marginalized legal status. It operates at a smaller scale and posits that the boundaries of ethnic communities are porous, offering sites of economic value. To assess the conceptual utility of micro-segregation, we apply it to four Jewish communities in the German states before the 20th century. Spatial analysis suggests that the communities varied in their degree of micro-segregation, but consistently offered economic opportunity at the boundaries of Christian and Jewish worlds.

Ashley Smith’s experience in the adult prison system flowed from certain of its systemic features. This article considers whether and how it is possible to reconcile the basic commitments of sentencing law, including the legal aims of punishment, with that systemic portrait. The youth court that ordered Smith’s transfer to adult custody relied upon an idealized conception of adult imprisonment, just as ordinary adult sentencing courts do. Judges purport to stipulate the severity of punishment, but tend not to consider how prison conditions will shape the severity of the sanction. Even where a particular defendant is likely to face unique difficulties in custody, courts tend to take notice in limited and rare ways. Smith’s experience in adult custody challenges us to more clearly identify, and to consider extending, doctrinal sentencing rules that represent a judicial concern with the effects and prospects of imprisonment in particular cases.

Introduction. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of an electronic nose (e-nose) to predict the quality of nectarines and peaches, and, in particular, the aroma. Materials and methods. Four nectarine cultivars (‘María Dolce’, ‘Maillarlate’, ‘Nectaross’ and ‘Venus’) and one peach cultivar (‘Royal Glory’) were evaluated. The fruit was harvested ripe and the quality evaluations were carried out just one day after harvest. The intensity of the main descriptors of fruit quality was described, and fruits were subjected to an e-nose assessment. The sensory analysis and the e-nose results were presented through a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). A multiple linear regression (MLR) was also used to create a predictive model for the attribute ‘aroma’ compared with the other sensory parameters and the most informative e-nose sensor data. Results and discussion. ‘Royal Glory’ and ‘María Dolce’ were placed in a separate cluster far from ‘Venus’, ‘Nectaross’ and ‘Maillarlate’. The result of the MLR included the attributes ‘acidity’, ‘sweetness’ and ‘acceptability’ in the model, and the data registered by sensor 6 of the e-nose (SnO2-sensor, RGTO Mo, 45 Å thick layer), which were those factors that best related to the aroma, reached a R2 of 0.48 and a mean square error (MSE) of 3.85. It was concluded that the e-nose is an instrument able to discriminate peach varieties through their aromatic features, which are among the descriptors that mainly determine acceptability by the peach consumer.

La première étape de ce travail est le calcul ab initio des énergies de mise en solution et de mélange du chrome et du fer. Nous confirmons les résultats ab initio proposés précédemment. Nous utilisons cette même méthodologie afin de calculer les énergies de surface du fer et du chrome dans les orientations (100), (110), (111) et (211). Contrairement aux extrapolations depuis les mesures expérimentales aux hautes températures, ces calculs montrent que les énergies de surface du chrome sont supérieures à celles du fer. Nous calculons également l’énergie de ségrégation d’impureté du chrome dans le fer (100) qui est endothermique. Enfin, nous proposons un modèle énergétique ajusté sur les calculs ab initio. À partir de ce modèle, nous calculons des isothermes de ségrégation et montrons que les surfaces de l’alliage sont toujours appauvries en chrome du fait de la grande différence d’énergie de surface entre les deux éléments qui a été révélée par les calculs ab initio.

Using census data, this study investigates change in the residential segregation of persons age 65 years and over from younger persons in Canadian census metropolitan areas (CMAs) between 1981 and 1991. In each CMA, age-segregation is first evaluated in terms of inner city-suburban population distributions, and then according to the degree of segregation across census tracts expressed by the Index of Dissimilarity. Although the CMAs typically had moderate segregation levels in both 1981 and 1991, there were consistent trends toward (i) increasing proportions of the elderly living in suburban areas, and (ii) declining degrees of age-segregation across census tracts. It is proposed that these trends are partly attributable to the aging in place of suburban residents. Correlation and regression analyses indicate that in 1991 lower degrees of segregation were associated with CMAs which had relatively high percentages of both older dwellings and elderly population. The policy implications of the results are discussed.

La solidification des alliages binaires est problématique dans la mesure où de nombreuses hétérogénéités susceptibles de fragiliser le produit apparaissent. Ces hétérogénéités peuvent être à la fois de composition (appelées ségrégations) et de structures. Les ségrégations présentent, en outre, l'inconvénient d'apparaître aussi bien à l'échelle mésoscopique (freckles) qu'à l'échelle du lingot (macroségrégation). Il apparaît que la gravité joue un rôle prédominant dans la formation et le devenir des hétérogénéités observées. S'affranchir de cette composante peut être un des enjeux des nouveaux procédés de solidification. Par ailleurs, les alliages de titane-aluminium présentent une solidification péritectique : au cours de la solidification péritectique deux phases solides sont présentes dans le lingot. Un modèle numérique de solidification basé sur le moyennage statistique a été établi qui prend en compte la spécificité de ces alliages. Les calculs menés en condition de microgravité et de convection forcée montrent que la convection au voisinage du front de solidification influence la localisation des hétérogénéités.

Le moulage par injection de poudres métalliques consiste à injecter des mélanges polymères/poudres métalliques. Durant l'écoulement de ces mélanges dans les moules, il peut se produire des effets de ségrégation de phases, conduisant à des défauts de formes, de propriétés physiques et mécaniques lors des étapes ultérieures du procédé. Un pilote expérimental de moulage par injection métallique, précédemment mis au point au laboratoire, est utilisé pour réaliser des composants moulés permettant d'analyser les différentes étapes du procédé. Une méthode expérimentale est développée pour déterminer la répartition de densité sur divers types de composants moulés. Une modélisation de ces phénomènes à partir de la théorie des mélanges pour les écoulements bi-phasiques est proposée. La simulation numérique des écoulements de polymères chargés en poudres solides a été développée. Enfin des exemples de simulation de remplissage, avec analyse prédictive des zones de ségrégation, sont donnés et des comparaisons calculs-expériences montrent le degré de validité de l'approche proposée.