The new name Neosergipea M. Cáceres, Ertz & Aptroot is introduced to replace Sergipea M. Cáceres, Ertz & Aptroot, which is a later homonym of Sergipea Regali, Uesugui & Santos, a genus of fossil pollen. Using the small subunit of the mitochondrial rDNA cistron, we present an updated phylogeny of the Enterographa clade in Roccellaceae which includes the genera Dichosporidium, Enterographa, Erythrodecton, Mazosia, and Neosergipea. While in a previous analysis the relationship between Neosergipea and Dichosporidium was unresolved, our results suggest Neosergipea to be an unsupported sister to Dichosporidium s. lat. The latter potentially represents two distinct genera, differing in ascospore type.

The following new corticolous species are described. Thelopsis cruciata Aptroot & M. Cáceres, with an olive-green thallus, immersed red-brown perithecia and c. 50–100 cruciate ascospores per ascus, 7–10×4–7 µm, from Brazil. Topelia argentinensis Aptroot, L. I. Ferraro & M. Cáceres, with a verrucose, partly almost isidiate, greenish grey thallus, immersed pinkish perithecia and 8 uniseriate muriform ascospores per ascus, 12–17×7–11 µm, from Argentina. Topelia tetraspora Aptroot & M. Cáceres, with a c. 0·1–0·6 mm thick layer of coralloid to usually flattened, irregularly palmately branched isidia c. 0·05 mm diam., ascospores 15–19×2–6-septate, muriform, ellipsoid, 39–50×11–16 µm, only up to 4 per ascus maturing, from Brazil. Thelopsis inordinata is reported for the first time from South America, from Guyana. A key is given to all currently known species of Topelia and Thelopsis. The distinction between these genera has become arbitrary with the recent addition of more or less intermediate species.

A revision of corticolous Mazosia specimens showed that four species are present, all differing from the foliicolous taxa in the genus. One of them is widely distributed in the tropics and the others are, as far as is known, neotropical. Three species are co-occurring in NE Brazil. They can be distinguished as follows: M. leptosticta (Nyl.) Sparrius has longer ascospores (22–35×4–7 µm) than the other species, M. endonigra A. A. Menezes, M. Cáceres & Aptroot sp. nov. has sessile apothecia on a smooth thallus and occasionally also sessile pycnidia, M. carnea (Eckfeldt) Aptroot & M. Cáceres comb. nov. has immersed apothecia and a smooth thallus, and M. viridescens (Fée) Aptroot & M. Cáceres comb. nov. has distinct verrucae on the thallus. Descriptions are given and an identification key is presented to all Mazosia species with 3-septate ascospores, which includes all corticolous species known so far.

The new lichen genus Sergipea M. Cáceres, Ertz & Aptroot is described in the Roccellaceae, based on the new species Sergipea aurata M. Cáceres, Ertz & Aptroot from NE Brazil. The species was found in a remnant of Atlantic transition forest in Sergipe. It is similar in many respects to species of the genus Enterographa, but it is characterized by bright orange stromata, due to the presence of an anthraquinone, and a thallus with a somewhat byssoid hypothallus. Phylogenetically it is close to the genera Dichosporidium and Erythrodecton. The phylogenetic position of the generic type of Dichosporidium confirms the close relationship of the genus to Erythrodecton in the basal branch of the Roccellaceae. A new species of Enterographa is also described from NE Brazil. Enterographa rotundata E. L. Lima, M. Cáceres & Aptroot has solitary, round apothecia, which is unusual in this genus with mainly elongated apothecia or punctiform apothecia arranged in lines. It was found in Caatinga forest in Pernambuco.

The new species Cryptothecia fabispora and C. lichexanthonica are described from NE Brazil. The first has domed asci with two large, reniform ascospores and the thallus contains psoromic acid. The second contains lichexanthone and has globose asci. Cryptothecia fabispora was found at the Serra de Itabaiana National Park which represents one of the few rainforest remnants in the state, and is a transitional area with Mata Atlantica influence and also open vegetation spots like Caatinga. It was also found in Caxiuaná in Amazonian Para and may well occur elsewhere. Cryptothecia lichexanthonica was collected at Vale do Catimbau National Park in Pernambuco, which is in a Caatinga area.