In ‘Aristotle on the Stages of Cognitive Development’, Thomas Kjeller Johansen examines Aristotle’s contributions to our thinking about concepts from a different perspective, namely in connection to Aristotle’s psychology. He revisits Aristotle’s account of how we acquire universal concepts mainly on the basis of Metaphysics A.1, Posterior Analytics 1.31 and 2.19, and the De Anima. The chapter begins by articulating the following puzzle. On the one hand, Aristotle points out (An. Post. 1.31, 2.19) that we perceive the universal in the particular. On the other, he suggests (Metaph. A.1) that it is only when we have craft and science that we grasp the universal, while perception, memory, and experience all are concerned with the particular. Building on the widespread view that, according to Aristotle, the universal grasped in craft and science is the universal cause, Johansen argues that we should understand perception, memory, and experience teleologically, as stages in the ordering of perceptual information that allows this causal concept to emerge.

The chapter ‘Alexander of Aphrodisias on Concepts’ by Frans A. J. de Haas takes up another aspect of concept theory, that is, the endeavour to define what a concept is. Furthermore, he explores the interactions between the Peripatetics and the Stoics, as they are evidenced by Alexander, on ontological as well as psychological and epistemological issues. De Haas also offers a systematic study of part of Alexander’s rich vocabulary denoting concepts, thoughts, and universals, and of a correspondingly rich collection of verbs referring to the human activities of abstracting or constructing concepts. Importantly, this analysis sheds light on Alexander’s understanding of ennoia and noêma, and on Alexander’s views concerning the epistemic reliability of concepts and the unity of concepts in the human soul.

This chapter deals with how infection control procedures can be used to minimise the spread of viral infections transmitted via the respiratory, gastrointestinal, blood-borne, sexual, vertical and vector-borne routes. It also details infection control strategies in hospitals and in the community via universal precautions, respiratory precautions, enteric precautions and those for highly dangerous pathogens. Post-exposure prophylaxis and management of outbreaks is also discussed along with a list of notifiable infections.

Often regarded as the oldest surviving work on strategy, the Sun Tzu text has influence in many quarters today. This study organizes Sun Tzu’s ideas under fourteen thematic headings. It also clarifies Sun Tzu’s limitations and blind spots. Building on Brigadier General Samuel B. Griffith, USMC (Ret.)’s translation, this study analyzes Sun Tzu from three standpoints: Sun Tzu (1), Sun Tzu’s ideas in their original Warring States Chinese context; Sun Tzu (2), Sun Tzu’s ideas applied to warfare in a military sense in other times and places; Sun Tzu (3), generalizations of those ideas, including to cyber warfare and other twenty-first-century strategic competitions. Whereas Sun Tzu (1) analysis addresses ways in which the text is a product of its times, intertwined with traditional Chinese cultural milieux, Sun Tzu (2) and (3) analyses, often building on analogical thinking, map universalistic aspects of Sun Tzu’s insights into war and conflict, strategy, logistics, information, intelligence, and espionage. Those analyses also identify ways in which Sun Tzu’s thinking has relevance to gaining strategic advantage in twenty-first-century conflicts.

Often regarded as the oldest surviving work on strategy, the Sun Tzu text has influence in many quarters today. This study organizes Sun Tzu’s ideas under fourteen thematic headings. It also clarifies Sun Tzu’s limitations and blind spots. Building on Brigadier General Samuel B. Griffith, USMC (Ret.)’s translation, this study analyzes Sun Tzu from three standpoints: Sun Tzu (1), Sun Tzu’s ideas in their original Warring States Chinese context; Sun Tzu (2), Sun Tzu’s ideas applied to warfare in a military sense in other times and places; Sun Tzu (3), generalizations of those ideas, including to cyber warfare and other twenty-first-century strategic competitions. Whereas Sun Tzu (1) analysis addresses ways in which the text is a product of its times, intertwined with traditional Chinese cultural milieux, Sun Tzu (2) and (3) analyses, often building on analogical thinking, map universalistic aspects of Sun Tzu’s insights into war and conflict, strategy, logistics, information, intelligence, and espionage. Those analyses also identify ways in which Sun Tzu’s thinking has relevance to gaining strategic advantage in twenty-first-century conflicts.

From the 1960s on there had been a bifurcation in the welfare states’ approaches to social protection. Many (continental) European countries had chosen high taxes, high public spending, and universal programs. The United States and some others, especially, Anglo-Saxon countries, had used tax burdens reduced, by “tax expenditures,” for some groups. These groups benefited from the reduction in their tax burdens in the same way as the citizens in continental European countries were helped by higher public spending. The tax expenditure tended to be more beneficial to richer individuals while the focused spending programs became progressively less focused, because of political pressures and corrupt practices to expand accessibility to the programs. Tax expenditures also reduced the tax burden on corporations, creating corporate welfare programs. There was a tendency to see social spending as welfare but not tax expenditures.

Chapter 7 first explores the theory behind protecting people with disabilities and workers with caregiving responsibilities. It then explores the practical justifications for protecting these groups of employees. Finally, it explains why my proposals go beyond protecting specific groups of employees and instead protected everyone.

Chapter 9 proposes a universal accommodation mandate, which would allow employees to request modifications to the structural norms of the workplace (when and where work is performed) and to request modifications to how the physical tasks of the job are performed. This chapter explains how the mandate would work, discusses various applications of the mandate, briefly addresses logistical issues, and then responds to the anticipated criticisms.

The last chapter sums up the main findings of the study and gives an outlook on potential further research at the interface of CA and World Englishes.

This chapter describes the theoretical foundations of the study. The study is located at the interface of two scientific areas that had not had much contact before: Conversation Analysis and World Englishes. In the first two sections of the chapter, central theoretical and methodological tenets in both fields are introduced. The last section addresses epistemological differences between the traditions and provides a rationale for why and how Conversation Analysis and World Englishes can still be reconciled in a fruitful way.

We challenge the idea that the human rights of women and the right to culture are in opposition. First, the ideas that all human beings have the same rights and that these rights cannot be selectively abridged are fundamental to a diversity of cultures – though they often co-exist with discriminatory ideas and practices. Second, the idea of opposition between women’s rights and cultural rights is grounded in the myth that cultures are homogenous, bounded, and static. All cultures include a diversity of values; cultures also constantly mix and evolve. Third, the idea of opposition between women’s rights and cultural rights overlooks the power dynamics that make it difficult for women to influence their culture. Fourth, contraposing women’s rights and cultural rights splits experiences of oppression and privilege by gender and culture, instead of recognizing their intersectionality. Finally, the selective use of arguments against the universality of human rights in women’s case reveals bias. The universality of human rights is not questioned when men’s rights are at stake. In conclusion, it is critical to recognize and resist oppressive interests and practices disguised under the cloak of culture. The universality-of-human-rights principle demands essential protections and freedoms for all human beings.

A regular polytope is called locally toroidal if its minimal infaces which are not spherical are toroidal. This chapter treats certain locally toroidal regular polytopes with not too many vertices, especially those which were subjects of ‘Abstract Regular Polytopes’; it includes some geometric descriptions and realizations. In the course of the investigation, some hitherto undescribed families of universal locally toroidal regular polytopes are presented.

Chapter 8 delivers a broader critique of how Congress addresses the persistent problem of poverty in the United States. The largest antipoverty program in the United States is conditioned on a work requirement; this chapter pauses to consider whether the Code can also be used to deliver benefits to those who fall through the cracks because they cannot or do not work. The chapter identifies how the changes enacted in the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act will impact low-income individuals. It closes with thoughts about what Congress is asking of the Internal Revenue Code, and the IRS, by using both as a vehicle for social programs. There are compelling reasons to keep the EITC in the Code and with the IRS; the book concludes with a call for a more thoughtful design of both the credit and the way in which the agency implements it.