Concerns regarding equity and diversity are ongoing. Effective school and district leaders need to become ever-evolving researched practioners to meet the needs of the students, staff, and communities they serve. The achieve gap is explored and reflective practice is emphasized as a crucial tool as leaders delve into the additional concerns associated around the opportunity, confidence, and honesty gaps. Leaders are given a “mirror” to examine their place along the continuum regarding the concepts of being an ally, advocate, and/or activists.

We live in a world in which we are faced with a myriad of health issues. Addressing our most pressing concerns is a complex task that requires action on several levels, from global to local and from prevention through to treatment. At a global level, the World Health Organization (WHO) is a United Nation’s (UN) agency whose primary role is to lead and coordinate global health efforts. This chapter introduces readers to the discipline of health promotion, a core function of the WHO. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (‘Ottawa Charter’) will be used to frame the chapter's discussion. The Ottawa Charter is the guiding framework that health promotion practitioners use to address the multiple determinants of health through multi-sectoral and multi-level approaches. The Ottawa Charter is guided by three main principles: advocate, enable, and mediate. The three guiding principles facilitate implementation of the Ottawa Charter’s five action areas: building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, developing individual skills and re-orienting health services. Each of the action areas is explored in the rest of the chapter.

As a new member of a helping profession, advocacy is one of our most important responsibilities to society, the discipline of psychology, and ourselves. This chapter provides an overview of the motivations and methods of advocacy; identifies ways for students and early career professionals to integrate advocacy into core professional duties; and provides resources for increasing advocacy engagement.

This chapter/part of the book provides twenty-one ideas or "recipes" to empower you to make impactful changes that improve your own health and help the environment. Each recipe is an individual action you can take to start making a difference today, and that when done together – in aggregate – can make a big difference. This chapter is a very hopeful one, compelling you to start with even one recipe and then add on more. Each recipe is doable, and tips, suggestions, and information are provided to make it 100% achievable. Some examples of recipes/ideas from this chapter include eating more plants and significantly less meat, decreasing food waste, canning, composting, engaging with ecotourism, voting, educating others and advocating, planting trees, and finally a number of resources you can read or watch for additional information.

Chapter 3 examines the critical role that legislative reputations play in the ways that groups are represented in Congress. It makes a case for legislative reputation as one of the primary conduits of representation, and offers a clear definition and operationalization for what legislative reputations are, as well as what they are not. It presents a novel measurement for legislative reputation by utilizing the member profiles found in the well-regarded Politics in America collection and explores the frequency with which members choose to develop reputations as disadvantaged-group advocates. This showcases the variation in the primacy of each disadvantaged group to a member’s reputation, as well as the partisan and institutional differences in the types of reputations members form.

Ecclesiastical courts were rightly seen by nineteenth-century thinkers as a closed shop, a court system separate from the general court system which had its own proctors, advocates and judges. These courts had jurisdiction over the laity in a number of matters such as marriage, burial and probate of wills, though this changed during the century. The chapter describes the attempts at reform, and the difficulties with discipline of the laity as well as clergy that were addressed in the course of legislative change. Appeal lay with the secular courts and here too lay problems, where the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council served as the final court of appeal