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Spectral modeling techniques have been developed for the analysis of planetary surfaces using large thermal infrared (TIR) spacecraft datasets. These techniques can be applied to three main spectral analysis problems: (1) correction for atmospheric effects for the recovery of surface emissivity; (2) isolation and separation of surface spectral endmembers for the characterization of surface mineralogy; and (3) determination of surface anisothermality for the retrieval of surface physical properties and correction for thermal emission in near-infrared spectral data. These modeling techniques have been extensively applied to martian and lunar spacecraft datasets, forming a basis for the retrieval of surface physical and compositional properties.