Keeping the focus on autonomy consistent, this second exploration considers the level of competition among universities as a salient contextual element important to governance.. Competition in higher education consists of a set of organizational responses to environmental pressures. It focuses on what universities must do to attract financial resources; recruit students and staff, both foreign and domestic; be part of the global research enterprise, and, for many, pursue world class status and global rankings. It also acknowledges that higher education competition is a Western, market-driven idea.The state-extended model would seem most appropriate when low competition and low autonomy exist in tandem. The state directs higher education, provides the needed resources and may put in place policies that limit competition. Internal/external model of governance is common to those university systems with higher levels of autonomy and where competition comparatively is moderate to high. The academic focused model may be outdated. The civic model is underused in PSS countries, but may be helpful in high competition/high autonomy contexts.