The purpose of this article is to give a comprehensive review of biological theories about the development of panic disorder.
Noradrenergic, serotonergic and GABA-ergic models of panic disorder are discussed, together with the role of peptides and neuroanatomical hypotheses.
The conclusion is that there is no unitary biological explanation of panic disorder.
An intergrative bio-psycho-social model seems for the moment the most usefull.