This study aims to assess the surgical outcome of borderline hypoplastic left ventricle before and after the induction of the left ventricle rehabilitation strategy.

A retrospective review investigated patients with borderline hypoplastic left ventricle who underwent surgical intervention between 2012 and 2022. The patient cohort was stratified into two groups based on the initiation of left ventricle rehabilitation: an early-era group (E group, 2012–2017) and a late-era group (L group, 2018–2022). Left ventricle rehabilitation was defined as palliation combined with other procedures aimed at promoting left ventricular growth such as restriction of atrial septal defect, relief of inflow/outflow obstructive lesions, and resection of endocardial fibroelastosis.

A total of 58 patients were included. Primary diagnosis included 12 hypoplastic left heart syndromes, 11 critical aortic valve stenosis, and others. A total of 9 patients underwent left ventricle rehabilitation, 8 of whom underwent restriction of atrial septal defect. As for clinical outcomes, 9 of 23 patients achieved biventricular repair in the E group, whereas in the L group, 27 of 35 patients achieved biventricular repair (39% vs. 77%, p = 0.004). Mortality did not differ statistically between the two groups (log-rank test p = 0.182). As for the changes after left ventricle rehabilitation, left ventricular growth was observed in 8 of 9 patients. The left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (from 11.4 to 30.1 ml/m2, p = 0.017) and left ventricular apex-to-right ventricular apex ratio (from 86 to 106 %, p = 0.014) significantly increased after left ventricle rehabilitation.

The introduction of the left ventricle rehabilitation strategy resulted in an increased proportion of patients achieving biventricular repair without a concomitant increase in mortality. Left ventricle rehabilitation was associated with enhanced left ventricular growth and the formation of a well-defined left ventricle apex. Our study underscores the significance of left ventricle rehabilitation strategies facilitating successful biventricular repair. The data suggest establishing restrictive atrial communication may be a key factor in promoting left ventricular growth.

The indications, timing, and results of the so-called “one-and-a-half ventricle repair”, as a surgical alternative to the creation of the Fontan circulation, or high-risk biventricular repair, currently remain nebulous. We aimed to clarify these issues.

We reviewed a total of 201 investigations, assessing selection of candidates, the need for atrial septal fenestration, the fate of an unligated azygos vein and free pulmonary regurgitation, the concerns regarding reverse pulsatile flow in the superior caval vein, the growth potential and function of the subpulmonary ventricle, and the role of the superior cavopulmonary connections as an interstage procedure prior to biventricular repair, or as a salvage procedure. We also assessed subsequent eligibility for conversion to biventricular repair and long-term functional results.

Reported operative mortalities ranged from 3% to 20%, depending on the era of surgical repair with 7% risk of complications due to a pulsatile superior caval vein, up to one-third incidence of supraventricular arrhythmias, and a small risk of anastomotic takedown of the superior cavopulmonary connection. Actuarial survival was between 80% and 90% at 10 years, with two-thirds of patients in good shape after 20 years. We found no reported instances of plastic bronchitis, protein-losing enteropathy, or hepatic cirrhosis.

The so-called “one-and-a-half ventricular repair”, which is better described as production of one-and-a-half circulations can be performed as a definitive palliative procedure with an acceptable risk similar to that of conversion to the Fontan circulation. The operation reduces the surgical risk for biventricular repair and reverses the Fontan paradox.

The purpose of this study was to report outcomes of double outlet right ventricle biventricular repair at a single institution in developing countries and to investigate post-operatively determined risk factors for mortality and late intervention.

Patients with double outlet right ventricle who underwent biventricular repair in our centre from January 2009 to December 2021 were included.

A total of 96 patients (male/female = 61/35) with biventricular repair were included. According to its specific anatomical type, the appropriate individual surgical plan was selected. Multivariate analysis indicated that prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time(OR = 1.044; p = 0.012) and pre-operative moderate or above pulmonary hypertension(OR = 24.558; p = 0.023) were independent risk factors for early mortality. Univariate analysis showed that different anatomical types and different surgical methods had similar late intervention and late mortality. Concomitant coarctation of the aorta(OR = 40; p = 0.020) and concomitant ventricular septal defect enlargement(OR = 26.667; p = 0.005) were independent risk factors for late intervention by multivariate analysis.

Selection of appropriate surgical techniques based on different anatomical types often results in similar late outcomes. For patients with concomitant ventricular septal defect enlargement during the operation, it is necessary to fully expand and avoid damage to the conduction bundle. We should timely intervention in patients with coarctation of the aorta and pay attention to the occurrence of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction during follow-up.

Yasui procedure is surgical repair intended to preserve biventricular function for patients with left ventricle outflow tract obstruction associated with aortic arch lesions and ventricular septal defect.

Retrospective chart review analysis of all patients who had Yasui procedure (2008–2020) comparing midterm outcome of one versus two stage repair.

Twenty patients (70% female) underwent Yasui procedure in our center. Eight patients (40%) had left ventricle outflow tract obstruction /interrupted aortic arch, 7 patients (35%) had left ventricle outflow tract obstruction /coarctation of aorta, 3 patients (15%) had double outlet ventricle and ventricular septal defect that were unattainable for tunneling to one of the semilunar valves without creating obstruction, and 2 patients (10%) had aortic atresia with hypoplastic aortic arch. All patients had associated ventricular septal defect. Fifteen patients (75%) had one-stage repair and 5 patients (25%) had two-stage repair. Means age and weight for one and two-stage repair were 1.3 ± 2 months, 13.4 ± 11.5 months and 3.3 ± 0.6 kg, 7.8 ± 3.4 kg, respectively. During follow up, 8 patients (40%) required re- intervention, mainly for right ventricle–pulmonary artery conduit either dilation or replacement. The average duration of follow up was 5 years with nil mortality.

Yasui procedure is effective approach for children who have left ventricle outflow tract obstruction associated with aortic arch anomalies and ventricular septal defect. Survival rate with single or staged repair is comparably good. During the first 5 year of follow up, nearly 40% of operated patients required re-intervention.