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We examine evidence for whether brain volume reductions and neurotransmitter decline can account for older adults’ emotion recognition difficulties relative to young adults. We also consider whether emotion recognition decline is related to general cognitive decline or the positivity bias. Despite recent claims, older adults’ emotion recognition difficulties are not consistent with the positivity bias. Links to general cognitive decline are not strong, although future research could shed further light on this issue by examining links to speed of processing. We conclude that there is some evidence for the idea that neurotransmitter decline might relate to older men’s emotion recognition declines (though not older women’s), but with only two studies, more research is needed. There are more studies examining brain volume reductions, with links between emotion recognition and decline in the frontal and temporal lobes clearest.
This chapter explores what is known about mental imagery, and about visual imagery in particular. It reviews some of the findings to make clear visual images do function in important ways as if they were mental pictures, and that the processes of imaging do resemble for actual seeing. The chapter presents data showing that visual imagery relies heavily on brain areas ordinarily involved in visual perception, and points the way toward the conception of visual imagery that avoids the problematic notions of mind's eye and mental pictures. Differences between the discoveries that can be made from mental images and those that can be made from actual pictures are discussed. After an overview on the question of just how "visual" visual images truly are, the chapter explores the possibility that some tasks that might seem to rely on visual imagery may in fact rely on some other form of representation.
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