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2 - E Pluribus Unum: Citizenship, Demographic Change, and Diversity
from Part I - Diversity and American Democracy
Zoltan L. Hajnal, University of California, San Diego, Vincent L. Hutchings, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Taeku Lee, Harvard University, Massachusetts
Book:

Race and Inequality in American Politics

Published online:

09 November 2024

Print publication:

17 October 2024, pp 34-69
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Summary

This chapter explains different definitions of citizenship including citizenship as status, as rights, as participation, and as identity. It highlights key immigration laws and periods of immigrant inclusion and exclusion. The chapter also presents basic data on demographic change through American political history.

20 - Slavery
from Part II - Major Themes
Stuart Casey-Maslen, University of Pretoria
Foreword by Christof Heyns, University of Pretoria
Book:

The Right to Life under International Law

Published online:

02 September 2021

Print publication:

23 September 2021, pp 415-426
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Summary

The prohibition of slavery is not only a customary rule of international law, it is also an international crime and a norm of jus cogens. Slavery has been famously described as ‘social death’, but this chapter considers whether, and in which circumstances, it may also constitute a violation of the right to life.

12 - The Mediterranean
from Part II - Trans-regional and regional perspectives
- By Craig Benjamin, Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks
Edited by Craig Benjamin, Grand Valley State University, Michigan
Book:

The Cambridge World History

Published online:

05 May 2015

Print publication:

16 April 2015, pp 325-349
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Summary

Slaves could be found in simpler societies, but more important and better known was the existence of slavery in most advanced states. This chapter discusses the spectrum of different types and levels of slave use. It focuses on slavery in pre-state societies and the correlation between slavery and cities, trade, and empires. Historians often distinguish between slave societies and societies with slaves. New World slavery was agricultural and can seem atavistic and primitive in comparison with contemporaneous industrialization with its wage laborers and technology. The growth of state power, like the growth of cities, typically went hand in hand with the increasing inequalities both of wealth and power that produced an elite who might desire slaves for their lifestyle, status, or profit. The racism directed against black Africans in New World slave systems was a modern, relatively systematic, and extreme example of a much more common attitude toward slaves.