This article follows the early history of the Eastman Kodak Company, examining how the photographic company came to be led by experts in chemistry, who created manufacturing processes that were crucial to the mass manufacture of motion pictures. It argues that celluloid film, the substance necessary for motion pictures, was central to the evolution of Kodak into an industrial chemical company. Kodak’s work to manage the specific technological problems and risks created by this material was itself constitutive of the new industrial shape the firm took. In embracing an intraplant goal of purity of raw materials and finished goods, Kodak made it possible for cinema to become a mass medium, with moving images able to look the same way across time and space, over countless copies. Kodak’s transformation, however, was uneven, as the firm’s photosensitive emulsion continued to be made according to far more empirical, secretive, and artisanal procedures, developed by a photographer without a high school degree. These artisanal processes coexisted alongside a highly standardized plant regime, and both were required to make celluloid film. This history demonstrates one way in which broad cultural transformations of the early twentieth century were closely tied to material and practical transformations within industrial firms.

The American craft beer industry’s creation narrative is rooted in countercultural food politics. Popular stories describe how plucky brewers pioneered complex and hoppy beers that revolutionized a bland American beer industry dominated by industrial lagers. Hops are now the most celebrated ingredient in the craft beer industry and serve as visual representations of the artisanal and revolutionary values of small brewers that contrasts with the industrial and bland products of the nation’s massive lager brewers. The history of hops and brewing presented here, however, demonstrates the connections between big and small brewers and the environmental impacts of craft brewers’ hoppy beers otherwise obscured by their preferred dichotomous narrative. Craft beer grew in tandem with the modern hop industry and became enmeshed with big business and industrial agricultural practices to access their signature commodity, hops. By integrating environmental and business history, this article explores how brewers, scientists, farmers, and nonhumans influenced each other to create the modern craft brewing industry. This approach demonstrates the often-obscured connections between big and small firms by examining the environments, organisms, and supply chains they depend upon.

Experimental data have suggested that some contaminants in the environment may increase the risk of obesity. Infants can be exposed to chemicals either prenatally, by trans-placental passage of chemicals, or postnatally by their own diet and by other external pathways (air inhalation, dust, hand-to-mouth exposure) after birth. To provide a review of epidemiological evidence on the association between prenatal exposure to chemicals and prenatal and postnatal growth, we present the literature from systematic review articles and international meta-analyses, when available, or recent research articles when summarizing articles were not available. The most studied contaminants in this field were persistent organic pollutants (e.g. organochlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls), non-persistent pollutants (e.g. phthalates, bisphenol A), toxic heavy metals (i.e. cadmium, lead and mercury), arsenic, mycotoxins and acrylamide. Mounting evidence suggests that child’s growth may be associated with prenatal or postnatal exposures to environmental contaminants. Improving exposure assessment and studying the contaminants as mixtures should allow to gain knowledge about the environmental determinants of growth and obesity.

In this paper we review the benefit-cost analyses (BCAs) made to support applications for authorisations under the EU’s REACH Regulation on hazardous chemicals. Experiences from over 100 cases suggest that there are a number of informational and methodological challenges to overcome in these BCAs. In particular, we find that many REACH applicants have had problems explaining the societal relevance of the regulatory impacts expected to affect them and other market actors. Adapting the framework for regulatory impact assessment proposed by Dudley et al. [(2017). Consumer’s Guide to Regulatory Impact Analysis: Ten Tips for Being an Informed Policymaker. Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 8, 187–204], we discuss these impacts from a welfare economics perspective and make suggestions on how to improve current practices in BCA applied to chemicals risk management. From this discussion we then distill a number of topics that deserve more attention in applied BCAs under the REACH Regulation.

Rulings made by the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement body have, since the organization's creation in 1995, significantly advanced global economic liberalization. The response of business has been varied and far from uniformly supportive of the WTO agenda. The reason stems from the fact that adjusting to liberalization measures is easier in some industries than in others. The response is premised on the strategic alternatives available within an industry. Through examining antidumping (AD) elements of the European Union (EU) trade policy regime in the context of two European industries - chemicals and textiles - we find that both are under severe competitive pressure, due to WTO-induced market liberalization. However, the responses taken by companies within the respective industries are very different. We suggest that while WTO activity catalyzes industry evolution, the form of that adjustment is highly industry specific. In the case of textiles, the disaggregation of the industry value chain allows for a variety of product and locational adjustment strategies. In contrast, the chemicals industry is nationally based, reliant on intellectual property for competitive advantage and structurally limited in its ability to adopt a wide range of adjustment strategies. Therefore, in the absence of alternative strategy options, EU chemical companies lobby for rule harmonization in the WTO.

Secondary plant metabolites may influence plant–plant interactions and plant invasions. Distinguishing such chemicals requires integrating varying chemical ecology approaches, information on the amounts and persistence of specific chemicals in nature, and measures of effects (e.g., phytotoxicity assays) to judge the importance of the chemicals (e.g., allelochemicals). The invasive plant croftonweed has caused substantial ecological and economic losses in China. We examined contents and degradation of croftonweed chemicals in the soil and their potential phytotoxic effects on conspecific and five allospecific plant species. Soils in which croftonweed was grown had four phytotoxins: DEHP, DBP, DTD, and HHO. All chemicals were detected in croftonweed-invaded soil, with contents ranging from 0.013 (for DEHP) to 0.353 (for DTD) µg g−1 of soil. All four compounds were degraded rapidly in 1 wk. Combinations of the chemicals inhibited seed germination or seedling growth of four of the six plants, including croftonweed itself, at mean contents found in the soil. The putative allelochemicals degraded rapidly in the soil, and the low levels of allelochemicals observed in the soil may be sufficient to affect seed germination and plant growth.

Dormant weed seeds were germinated at constant and alternating temperatures using five chemicals. Germination of Chenopodium album when expressed in normal equivalent deviates, increased linearly with the logarithm of chemical dose up to an optimal concentration. Ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) and sodium azide slightly stimulated germination of C. album seeds at 20°C while potassium nitrate, thiourea and azide each interacted positively with alternating temperatures (5°/25°C). Relief of Avena fatua dormancy by azide exhibited a positive interaction with cool constant temperatures (3–10°C), and chemicals had smaller or no effects at higher and alternating temperatures. No chemical mixture, including that of nitrate, thlourea, ethephon, azide and hydrogen peroxide, promoted more germination than azide on its own in A. fatua or nitrate together with ethephon in C. album. In C. album, this result arose largely because nitrate and azide antagonized each other in the presence of ethephon. Peroxide and thiourea together relieved this antagonism so that the fourth order interaction was positive. The negative interaction of nitrate, azide and ethephon in C. album was avoided in a sequential treatment with nitrate plus ethephon for seven days followed by sodium azide. Relief of dormancy by nitrate and ethephon was optimized at 67 mM nitrate with 1.4 mM ethephon for C. album at 20°C and 20 mM nitrate with 1.4 mM ethephon for A. fatua at 15°C. None of the chemicals used in this investigation stimulated the germination of Rumex crispus seeds. The results are discussed with respect to chemical control of soil seed banks.

Protéger l’environnement est aujourd’hui une problématique globale qui concerne toutes les activités de l’homme. Il s’agit donc d’être capable de démontrer la compatibilité de ces activités avec la protection des milieux naturels, mais aussi si nécessaire d’agir pour pallier à un risque potentiel ou avéré, et ce généralement dans le cadre d’une réglementation de plus en plus stricte. Dans le domaine chimique, la prise en compte de cette problématique se traduit par l’existence de méthodes dédiées à l’évaluation du risque environnemental. Dans le domaine radiologique, la nécessité de disposer de tels outils s’est accentuée récemment, afin de pouvoir justifier aux yeux du public et en toute transparence le rejet de substances radioactives dans l’environnement, de répondre aux exigences des nouvelles réglementations en matière de protection de l’environnement et enfin d’harmoniser les approches entre radioprotection humaine et radioprotection de l’environnement, mais aussi entre polluants chimiques et radioactifs, simultanément présents par exemple dans les rejets de routine des centres nucléaires de production d’électricité. Dans cette optique d’harmonisation, les démarches d’évaluation du risque à l’environnement lié à la présence de radionucléides ou de substances chimiques sont présentées depuis les concepts théoriques jusqu’à leur mise en œuvre comparative, approche nouvelle en cours de développement dont les premiers résultats sont présentés.

This case study is based on a chemical spill in a warehouse in Belgium. Two victims were hospitalized, and a confluence of symptoms among the warehouse personnel had to be managed medically. An on-scene medical station and medical management team were deployed. A total of 51 victims were examined. Medical, political, and labor management arguments occurred. Medical findings and results from a thorough investigation helped prevent a presumed illness epidemic. The primary goals of the medical management of victims must include ensuring the health and safety of the personnel involved.