Chapter 5 delves into metaphor and metonymy. Metaphor exists as a collection of mappings between source and target conceptual domains, and the relationships established by these mappings are licensed by systematic similarities between entities in the conceptual domains. When we say, “he needs to blow off some steam” or “she made my blood boil,” we use our physical experience of boiling water to express the abstract emotion of anger (Lakoff, 1987). Metonymy functions within a single conceptual domain and establishes a mapping between two parts of that domain on the basis of physical or functional adjacency. For example, metonymy enables the use of the term White House to refer to the executive branch of the US government, and the name of the national capital Beijing to refer to China. This chapter compares patterns of metaphor and metonymy available in English and Chinese, illustrates how metonymy functions as a basis for character formation in Chinese, and suggests how metaphor and metonymy can be incorporated into L2 Chinese classrooms.

Clinical psychology trainees embarking on a professional career are faced with the prospect of work that, daily, has ethical questions and challenges to respond to people from varied cultures and social groups. The chapter describes how to provide a culturally-sensitive clinical psychology practice. It evaluates the current evidence-base antecedencesguiding practice. The chapter suggests how Structured Problem Solving can be applied to help acquire greater skills in engaging with people from different cultures and groups (e.g., the elderly). The same Structured Problem Solving approach is then applied to ethical decision-making and illustrated with a discussion on confidentiality and dual relationships. The chapter outlines how these approaches may help the clinical psychologist respect the humanity of their clients in all facets of their engagement.

As in other areas of behavioural science, research in political psychology has focused on citizens of Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, and Democratic ('WEIRD') countries. In this chapter, we review recent studies of political psychology conducted in the Global South (e.g., Latin America, Africa, Middle East, and Asian/Pacific regions). Popular topics of inquiry in these regions include political participation, collective memory, intergroup relations, and ideology. There were also some context-specific themes, such as the role of political Islam in the Middle East. In reviewing the existing literature, we highlight patterns of convergence and divergence when it comes to conclusions about political psychology on the basis of research carried out in WEIRD and non-WEIRD countries.

Cross-cultural methodology has made significant progress. Yet, research methodology is in part a response to the challenges posed by research agendas given the intellectual and technological resources available at the time. Just as the contemporary achievements in cross-cultural research methodology are a response to the necessity of the synchronic cross-cultural research in the globalizing world of the late 20th century, the changing cultural landscape of the early 21st century demands a diachronic research agenda – cross-temporal research of psychological phenomena in human populations. Meaning equivalence and autocorrelation are highlighted as major challenges to both synchronic and diachronic approaches in cross-cultural psychology. Researchers need to meet these challenges in the future.

Professor Harry Triandis has contributed to the development of the field of cross-cultural training by developing constructs like isomorphic attribution (Triandis, 1975), methods like culture specific simulators (Fiedler, Triandis, & Mitchell, 1971), theoretical frameworks for developing and evaluating culture simulators (Triandis, 1977, 1984), and applications of individualism and collectivism to cross-cultural training (Triandis, Brislin, & Hui, 1988). This paper examines his contributions by evaluating, both quantitatively and qualitatively, how his work has influenced the field of cross-cultural training and the work of other researchers in this field of study.

Most books on the psychology of women are based on a Western perspective. International students and scholars question the validity and relevance of the theories and practices that focus on a restricted population of women and ignore the diverse experience among women within and across countries based on the intersection of sex, gender, sexuality, and social locations. How can we have a universal psychology of women that routinely ignores most of the women in the world? To answer this question, we assembled teams of writers from different regions of the world or familiar with different cultures. We realized that some regions of the world may not have enough quality psychological research to be represented, but we strived to get as broad a coverage as possible. The result is a coherent picture of women’s lives in places that have been underrepresented in the mainstream literature. Gender disparity and inequity prevail in all cultures with common mechanisms. A gender-sensitive and culturally relevant psychology can identify strategies and programs to accelerate global progress toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal #5 on gender equality. Where relevant research is available, culture-specific aspects of the topic are featured to highlight the gender issues of concern to particular regions or cultural groups. We believe that the diversity in the range of perspectives included in the chapters through the lenses of authors originating from different cultures will enrich the learning experience of readers.