The study was carried out in dairy cows to elucidate whether treatment of clinical mastitis quarters with Spectramast® LC (ceftiofur hydrochloride, 125 mg, Zoetis) created a reason for discarding milk from adjacent untreated healthy quarters. The antibiotic was infused once daily in the affected mammary quarter for four days. Forty-nine cows were evaluated after diagnosis of clinical mastitis in three or fewer udder quarters. In all cases, quarters that did not receive treatment had milk samples collected one day after the end of treatment. All milk samples from untreated quarters were below the maximum permissible limit for the presence of antibiotic residues after analysis with the BetaStar S Combo test. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics may explain this finding. We conclude that it is feasible to use milk from untreated quarters of animals that have been treated with Spectramast® LC. We also reiterate the need to carry out tests with other pharmacological bases, and that the results found in this experiment cannot be extrapolated to other drugs.

Dairy cattle have considerable importance in the development of the Brazilian economy, being directly linked to economic and social progress. In the first half of 2020, 12.1 billion liters of milk were produced in Brazil and in 2019, there was a new record of 25.01 billion liters produced (IBGE, 2020). This production comes from a wide variety of production systems, coming from smallholder farmers as well as from large companies that use the latest technologies available on the market. Dairy production is a complex activity. For one to obtain economical success, several aspects must be monitored. Maintaining the health of animals is a top priority, and the literature suggests that various diseases are a common challenge for dairy producers. Mastitis is the main disease that affects dairy cows, responsible for considerable economic loss and significant zootechnical and productive challenges (Ruegg, 2017). It is considered the second leading cause of cow culling in dairy herds, behind reproductive problems. Mastitis is characterized by infection of the mammary gland and may or may not occur with inflammation, generating changes in the mammary tissue and properties of the milk. It is classifield into clinical or subclinical mastitis, according to presence or absence of clinical signs, and into contagious or environmental based on the causative agent (Correa et al., 2001).

The neutral model of stone procurement developed by Brantingham (2003, 2006) provides a formal means to investigate the formation of lithic discard patterning under changing forager mobility conditions. This study modifies Brantingham's (2006) Lévy walk model to examine the influence of discard probability on the spatial distribution of raw material abundance. The model outcome shows that forager movement and tool discard probability have similar effects on the simulated patterns of raw material transport, so it is difficult—if not impossible—to differentiate the respective influence of the two factors from distance to source distributions alone. This finding of equifinality complicates the task of interpretating hominin mobility from archaeological distance to source data, particularly in settings such as the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition, which is marked by an important reorganization in hominin lithic technology that may have affected stone tool discard probability.

In this study, we compared the size selectivity of a T90 codend (nettingturned by 90 degrees) with that of a standard codend made of similar netting. Sea trialswere conducted in a Norway lobster directed fishery in the Kattegat-Skagerrak area, wherethere is a need for improved selectivity because of a severe discard problem. The codendswere tested by fishing simultaneously with them in a twin trawl rig. Codend covers mountedwith Minisamplers were used, which made it possible to catch individuals escaping duringtowing and haul-back separately. Herein we proposed a model to assess the sequentialselection during towing and haul back. This model takes into account the parameterCtow, which can be interpreted as theproportion of fish that comes into contact with the codend meshes during towing and,thereby, has a chance of escape. Compared to the standard codend, the T90codend retained fewer Norway lobster both below and above the legal minimum landing size(40 mm, cephalothorax length), thereby causing a reduction of commercial catch. Thedifference was mainly due to a significantly higher escape rate during towing for theT90 codend. For plaice below minimum landing size (27 cm), theretention was slightly but significantly higher for the T90 codendcompared to the standard codend. A model developed for both codends showed that not allplaice are able to attempt escapement during the towing process. For cod, the resultsindicated an increased L50 (the length at which 50% of this species iscaught) for the T90 codend, but the effect was not statisticallysignificant, probably due to the limited number of cod retained during the sea trials. Theresults demonstrated that, for all three species, a significant proportion did escapeduring haul-back in both codends.

A lightweight sorting grid was developed to reduce bycatch in the Danish small-meshedtrawl fishery (22 mm full mesh in the cod end) for Norway pout in the North Sea.Experimental fishing with the grid demonstrated the possibility to capture Norway poutwith only a minimum of unintended bycatch. Fishing with two different grid orientations,backwards and forwards-leaning, in distinct day and night hauls, resulted in an estimatedrelease of between 88.4 and 100% of the total number of haddock (Melanogrammusaeglefinus) and whiting (Merlangius merlangus) entering thetrawl. However, bycatch reductions were not significantly different between day and nightor between grid orientations, indicating that the grid rejection of haddock and whiting isnot influenced by fish behaviour. The loss of the target species, Norway pout, was low(between 5.6% and 13.7%) in comparison with the bycatch excluded, and clearly lengthdependent. Consequently, loss of target species would vary with the size structure of thepopulation fished. Although results were not statistically significant, length-basedanalyses indicated that the grid rejection likelihood for particularly smaller Norway pout(<16 cm) was higher when fishing with the forwards-leaning grid during the night;this might be explained by behavioural and visual aspects of the fish-grid encounterprocess for Norway pout.

Fisheries bycatches and discards constitute a significant problem in many fisheries worldwide. Unlike the pelagic purse-seine, the demersal purse seine usually targets high commercial value demersal species such as sea breams (e.g., Diplodus spp., Pagellus spp., Sparusaurata) and the European sea bass (Dicentrarchuslabrax), while discards consist mainly of pelagic species and juveniles of the above mentioned species. In order to evaluate the efficiency of a selectivity device in reducing bycatch and consequently of discards in a demersal purse seine fishery, experimental deployments were carried out. The bycatch reducing device (BRD) consisted in the use of a panel of diamond-shaped mesh netting of 70 mm stretched mesh in the posterior part of the purse seine. Data from 61 experimental fishing trials allowed the evaluation of discards, with Scomberjaponicus, Boops boops, Sardina pilchardus, Diplodus bellottii and Belone belone being the main discarded species. The mean discard ratio per set was 0.49 (± 0.30 standard deviation). The causes for discarding were also identified, with low commercial value being the most important reason. The results of the trials with BRD, were promising, with an average of 49% (± 24%) of the fish escaping per set, especially from those species that are most discarded. Overall, the use of this method for reducing discards can be considered positive for the following reasons: there is no need for structural modification of the fishing gear, the BRD is easy to deploy, and it is efficient in terms of species, sizes and quantities of fish that manage to escape. It therefore has significant benefits for the demersal purse seine fishery and possibly for other “métiers” as well.

This paper represents the joint work of two very different specialists. The fieldwork was undertaken by Sillitoe as part of his ethnographic research in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and the interpretative work was done by an archaeologist, Hardy. The work described here represents some of the last direct evidence from users of stone tools. It shows how procurement, manufacture, use, storage and the relative roles of men and women in the process was dependant on what other materials were available – material often sadly elusive in the archaeological record. Discard did not reflect use, but was often guided by the thoughtful wish to avoid cut feet.

Lithic studies all too often ignore the material of later prehistory. Here an exploration of ideas of curation and expediency offers a new insight into material from Bronze Age Cyprus.